TAF PUBLISHING

Prior research highlights the limitations in current mainstream troubleshooting techniques used to assess accidents and ensure future safety. This study proposes a methodology to promote safety in sky sports and discusses its effectiveness and future research directions. The System of System Failures (SOSF) and Failure Factors Structuring Methodology (FFSM), categorized and distributed under the SOSF, are applied to sky sports safety. The three dimensions of the SOSF are represented by the coupling of the system (tight vs. loose), the degree of interaction with the external environment (linear vs. complex), and the frequency of failures. These dimensions allow the SOSF to be configured as a three-dimensional space. By introducing the distance phase (i.e., topological metrics), the risk trajectories of the system can be quantitatively visualized. This allows each instance of failure to be represented as a point in the SOSF space as a System Risk Location. Therefore, the system risk situation can be quantitatively discussed for comparisons between and within systems and learning from other systems. Stakeholders can thus share the recognition of failure cases and discuss problem-solving. The FFSM facilitates double-loop learning by structuring the complex factors that lead to failure and visualizing the trajectory of failure in the SOSF space, thereby clarifying the overall and precise countermeasures. Specifically, the study clarifies the insights that promote safety in sky sports and identifies directions for future data accumulation. Therefore, we demonstrated the possibility of expanding the SOSF and FFSM utilized in this study to other fields (human activity systems).