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This study examines the effectiveness of waste management laws and policies in Indonesia and proposes innovative strategies and policy recommendations to enhance waste management practices. The research employs a normative legal research methodology to analyze the existing legal framework and identify gaps and challenges in waste management implementation. The findings reveal that while Indonesia has established waste management laws and policies, their effectiveness is hindered by limited resources, inadequate infrastructure, weak enforcement mechanisms, and cultural attitudes toward waste. These contextual factors contribute to challenges such as improper waste disposal and low recycling rates. To address these limitations, the study proposes innovative strategies and policy recommendations. These include adopting an integrated waste management approach, strengthening extended producer responsibility, promoting community-based waste management initiatives, encouraging waste-to-energy and conversion technologies, improving waste collection infrastructure, enhancing public awareness and education, and strengthening enforcement and governance mechanisms.

This study examines the impact of integrating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and crop management practices on crop yield optimization in precision agriculture. Data were collected from 278 farmers in the Banjarmasin region of Indonesia over a period of three months. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were conducted to analyze the data. The results indicate a positive and significant impact of the integration of UAVs and crop management practices on crop yield optimization. Crop management practices were found to mediate the association between UAV integration and crop yield optimization. The findings highlight the importance of a holistic approach to precision agriculture, data-driven decision-making, and the need for farmer training and support. The theoretical implications underscore the significance of comprehensive precision agriculture systems and the role of technology in transforming agricultural practices. The practical implications emphasize adopting UAV technology, capacity-building programs, and promoting effective crop management practices.

This paper reports the progress made in the computerization of the Athenian study at XXXX University, which compiles and studies data about the persons in ancient Athens. We first summarize the issues and solutions on data storage since relational databases were applied in the study in the 1970s. We then detail the recent progress on the computerization of the project, which includes a method to digitize squeezes and an approach to develop an interactive map to facilitate the study of ancient Athens. The squeezes are paper impressions of ancient inscriptions. There is a high demand to digitize squeezes and make them freely available to humanities scholars worldwide. The proposed method generates bright digital images from low-relief ancient Greek characters on paper by convoluting 4 images of the same squeeze taken from different angles via the “Lazy Susan” platform. An interactive digital map of ancient Athens is highly helpful for the study, which visualizes the geographic information of ancient Athens and relates Athenians with their locations. The interactive map is developed based on the Leaflet, which is free and open source. The progress reported in the paper will greatly promote the computerization of the Athenian study

Urban heat islands are one of the biggest challenges for urban habitats. The two parallel worlds are growing together on this planet, one full of new opportunities for urbanization and another with shrinking green covers. High-density, high-rise development is a part of the first category of the world, i.e., a more urbanized one. It takes limited land resources to develop housing for more people by keeping more green covers intact than low-rise development. The dense developments are good for accessibility to different amenities and facilities. However, these developments pose challenges to sustainable development. However, the energy requirements are higher in highrise-high-density settlements, and simultaneously, such developments challenge solar access to solar power. It eventually causes enormous growth in the environmental footprints of such urban habitats, resulting in higher surface temperature through the urban heat island effect. The study aims to explore the effectiveness of urban forestry in combating the increased surface temperature in highly dense cities. The study adopts a case study approach and investigates five different cases of cities where urban forestry was adopted as a mitigation measure to cut down urban heat island effects.

The study focuses on the food industry sector in Mauritius to explore the impact of factors related to food process waste on the environment. The selected food companies in Mauritius are studied to identify the prevalent problems and challenges associated with food process wastage. The study targets the stakeholders and communities impacted by the food industry sector. The current state of research on food process wastage in Mauritius is limited, and there needs to be more comprehensive research on the environmental impact of this problem. The proposed study aims to fill this gap by providing a detailed analysis of the factors related to food process wastage and its ecological effects. The study seeks to identify the leading causes of food process waste in Mauritius' selected food companies and evaluate their environmental impact. The study is quantitative, and data is collected from poultry processing "X" and Fish Processing "Y" companies. The survey questionnaire was used to manage the data with 101 respondents; sample groups were managers, customers, and industry experts. The study's outcomes show that food waste has severe environmental consequences and can contribute to climate change, resource depletion, and contamination of waterways. It also emphasizes that the main factors contributing to food waste in the Mauritius food industry are poor inventory management, ineffective production planning, and poor storage and handling practices. The report recommended that food companies employ methods to improve inventory management and production planning, foster efficient storage and handling of customs, and foster a culture of waste reduction and resource conservation. The paper also discusses these companies' waste management policies and their ability to reduce the environmental impact of food processing waste.

Python software is one of the most popular languages for artificial intelligence applications, especially in the academic area, because of its easy syntax and ready-to-use libraries. But for industrial usage, due to the nature of the declarative languages, python is not the preferred language when it is needed to add more functionality to the application, like user interactions or other software abstractions, which needs more system resources and stability, especially in embedded systems. If there is not enough resource to build a new model for AI application for desired software language, it will be perfect to have the advantage of the ability of python in the AI field. Instead of creating one python application or more than one python layer in the system, it is efficient to abstract the AI application, which is written in python language, and handle all other activities with more efficient languages or frameworks. In this paper, we will see how we can use a visual python AI application, which communicates with another software layer written by C++ using the Qt framework for a user interface in an efficient way, running in the backend to handle only AI-related processes. In the example, the python application detects faces in the backend and sends related visual data to the frontend application using interprocess communication. The frontend application will be efficient from a memory usage perspective and flexible for customer usage in an industrial way. The whole working demo, consisting of a python face detection application and a C++ program, is available in the given GitHub link [1] and is explained in a detailed way for software design and the user interface, which will be written in QML language.

The energy problem is more present these days, therefore, this article discusses the current state and potential future directions for research and technological advancement related to using renewable energy in high seas, including marine eolian energy, ocean currents, olas, and salinity gradients in Chile. The potential for renewable resources in the high seas is examined considering the technical articles published in scientific journals. The development of new possible energies in Chile, what is done and some projects. However, nothing can be really done without a sustainability view in the marine renewable energy. Chile offers a significant potential for marine renewable energy, but these resources are starting to be commercialize however, Chile requires a larger investment in the field, the establishment of an appropriate regulatory framework, and the deployment of large-scale demonstration projects in the ocean.

This paper examines whether Community Supported Agriculture (CSA) is a solution to the dilemma of farmers having to operate economically and sustainably simultaneously. This includes an analysis of changing ecological and economic conditions as well as motives for founding or joining a CSA. The core is an expert interview and a survey of members, which identifies problems in the realization of a CSA and provides possible solutions.

In this study, we used the fixed-effect model to identify the best Abelmoschus esculentus (okra) production in Multan by applying a split-plot design. The main purpose of the study was to discuss the different factors which are affecting Okra production. The data were collected from the Department of Botany of Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan. Descriptive and inferential statistics are applied to achieve the goals of the study. For the descriptive study, made a histogram and inferential statistics (testing of hypothesis) about the quantitative data was used the ANOVA technique. After identifying the significant factors, DMR test apply. The goal of the study is to establish an appropriate model for the data to achieve better production. For data analysis, we use MS Excel, Statistix 10, and Minitab.

The improvement of agriculture productivity is depending on many factors including high-quality seeds and fertilizers. Soil fertility and water holding capacity may affect plant growth which decreases production. This research aims to provide information on three different fertilizers used in the agriculture production system such as Yard Manure (Organic), Urea, DAP, and their combination on vegetative growth and productivity of bush beans RWR2245. Fertilizers were applied in each plot equally through Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD). The plot without fertilizer had shown the highest germination percentage (T0) of 88.5%, while the plot T5(Urea + FYM) had shown the lowest germination percentage of 43.5%. Plant vigor parameters were evaluated at 20, 30, and 40 days after sowing. T4(FYD + DAP) showed the highest growth rate and T0 (without fertilizer) had the lowest growth rate. By considering the diameter, T4 (4.875mm) had the highest stem diameter, whereas T0 (3.025mm) had a lower stem diameter. The maximum number of leaves obtained in T4 was 18.00, while the minimum number was 11.75 observed in treatment without fertilizer To (control). The productivity parameters such as the day at 50% flowering after planting, the plant pod number, seeds number in pod per plant, the weight of 1000 bean grains for each treatment, and the total yield in tons per hectare (t/Ha) were observed, and results show that the combination of T4 (FYM + DAP) and T1 (FYM+UREA) applied alone resulted in the highest yield (2.41t/ha) and 2.06 t/ha in average, respectively, while the treatment without fertilizer T0 showed the lowest result of 1.7t/ha.Different fertilizer levels had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on 50% flowering.

SARS-COV-2, a respiratory pathogen, causes Covid-19, a highly contagious respiratory infection. Many died and still die. The Covid-19 virus is most commonly spread by coughing or sneezing gout on infected areas. The Covid19 is one of the highly critical global health catastrophes of this century and the biggest challenge for humanity; it has significant negative and positive effects on our health, economy, social life, and environment. This article will discuss atmospheric air conditions during confinement, the correlation between Covid-19 and weather parameters. Reviewing papers and journal articles discussed on Covid-19 have been used as a method to collect qualitative data. Temperature, wind speed, and humidity predict respiratory infectious diseases, virus viability, transmission, and expansion. There was a -28% to -31% decrease in PM10 and a 50% increase in Ozone (O3). Because of the declining tourist population, rivers, beaches, and seas are more transparent and cleaner, improving ecosystem biodiversity. The volume of medical waste is increasing as several countries abandon waste treatment to avoid virus transmission and adverse environmental effects.

The objective of this study is to predict the location of the geothermal reservoir through interpretation of Magnetotelluric depth-resistivity maps, with reference to Lili-Sepporaki geothermal area. Lili-Sepporaki is a non- magmatic prospect located in Polewali Mandar, Western Sulawesi-Indonesia. The study area is dominated by andesitic to trachytic to trachytic tertiary volcanic products. The only thermal manifestations in the area are the hot springs and rock alterations. Previous geochemical studies found out the hot spring water has temperature of 98^oC and the reservoir temperature of 190^oC. A big portion of the surface rocks are weathered and hydrothermally altered owing to findings from magnetic and Bouguer gravity surveys. This research utilized two-dimensional magnetotellurics data to locate resistivity anomalies in the subsurface. MT data was processed using SSMT2000 and MTEditor software programs while WinGLink software was used in the interpretation of the data. Four resistivity maps were obtained, each corresponding to one of the depths: 500 m; 1000 m; 1500 m; and 2000 m. There is a general sharp reduction in resistivity as opposed to the conventional resistivity of fresh igneous rocks. Analysis shows that the reservoir appears between depths of 1000 m and 2000 in different parts of the survey area, with prospect boundaries located in the South, South West and South East. A three-dimensional MT data analysis and exploration drilling are recommendable in order to get a detailed geothermal model.

Waterjet machining is one of the emerging technology for machining hard materials that are very hard to machine by traditional machining processes. A high-velocity jet of water with abrasive particles gives eco-friendly and relatively economical machining options for cutting, which make leading machining technology in a short span. This paper reviews the work from the start to the development of waterjet machining within the past two decades. The work also points toward the improvement of performance regarding control and monitoring of different machining parameter i-e material removing rate, standoff distance, traverse speed, kerf width & surface roughness.

The primary aim of every post-harvest technology is to prolong shelf life and maintain produce quality. Recent efforts to extend the shelf life of agricultural produces have culminated in the use of various methods, among which some have dangerous side effects to human health and the environment, others are just too expensive due to the high cost of production thereby making their usage unsustainable and uneconomical. Among the safe and sustainable alternatives under development, Liquid Smoke (LS) appears to have very remarkable potentials. However, the Postharvest Loss and Waste (PHLW) reduction potential of LS have been highly underrepresented in both scientific and non-scientific literature. This work, therefore, analyses and bring to light the potentials of LS for reducing postharvest losses and prolonging the shelf life of agricultural produce. The usage against insect infestation, microorganism attack, and physiological disorder of products are discussed. A careful compilation of recent literature reporting various waste materials for producing LS is also reported in this work. The active components (carbonyls, organic acids, and Phenols) responsible for its potency in reducing food loss are also discussed. Finally, a simple conceptual framework is used to illustrate the strategic and systematic role played by LS in reducing PHLW, conserving the environment, and contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The objective of this review was to determine soybean losses at different stages postharvest handling and to recommend technology intervention for sustainable solutions and maintenance of quality. Secondary data collected globally from published articles, ranging between the years 2000 to 2020 were utilized to determine the causes and to provide technology innovation to abate the problems. Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is one of the most important legume crops in the world due to its uses namely food, feed, oil, and nutrient supplement for humans, livestock, industries, and plants respectively. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the average yield has remained at 1.1 t/ha compared to 2.4 t/ha in the world and this region is known for the highest malnutrition and food insecurity in the world. In Cameroon, most of the soybean grains are imported, however, trials are currently been conducted to identify varietal adaptability to scale up production in the different agroecological zones. Stakeholders such as producers, distributors, processors, and consumers are faced with seriously significant postharvest losses along the grain value chain. Both quantitative and qualitative losses were identified with mostly incurred in storage because of biotic and abiotic factors. Technology intervention occurs in the system particularly in storage facilities and packaging such as hermetic and triple packaging respectively is indispensable in reducing postharvest losses. The discovery of effective marketable botanicals for use in storage is invaluable for small-scale producers in Cameroon and other developing countries for grain protection against pests and diseases.

Poverty, unemployment, lack of land, etc., are the most common problems in rural areas. Agriculture, by its nature, has a multi-functional role and is resourceful to operate within the environmental, social and economic dimensions. Various types of aquaculture are an important component of the development of agricultural systems. These will help reduce food scarcity, hunger, and deprivation by providing high nutritious value food, jobs, and employment growth, increasing the potential for monoculture failure, enhancing water quality, enhancing aquatic resource management, and sustainable farming. Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) provide an opportunity to overcome the constraints on food availability and accessibility, particularly in underdeveloped countries and those areas considered infertile, inappropriate and/or unprofitable for arable farming. In addition, GMOs modified for input characteristics (e.g., herbicide or insect resistance crops, disease resistance fish), Genetically Modified (GM) crops with improved nutritional characteristics (e.g., higher levels of beta-carotene, vitamin A precursor) and GMOs modified tolerate environmental stress (e.g., drought, cold and/or salinity) may be successfully adopted in the interest of subsisting agricultural systems. In this analysis, which is focused on general aspects of rural development, knowledge extracted from various sources is addressed.

This research was conducted to determine the effects of dietary bentonite on copper toxicity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were fed with a commercial feed including 0, 500 and 1000 mg/kg Cu and 0, 1 and 2% bentonite for 4 months. Final evaluation was made by determining hematology and enzyme activities. It was determined that bentonite did not prevent the toxicity of fish in the presence of 1000 mg/kg copper since there were significant changes in enzyme activities of fish. It may be suggested that adding 2% bentonite to fish feeds prevents Cu toxicity. Further studies are needed in different fish species living various environments in order to introduce it commercially.

The study determined the effects of holocellulose preparation and number of passes in the mechanical production of CNF from bleached Kawayan Tinik pulp. Pretreatment of bamboo included removal of branches and outer skin, cutting into rings, chipping, soaking in water, air-drying, and hammer milling. The Kraft Pulping and the one-step hypochlorite bleaching were used for pulp liberation and bleaching, respectively. A portion of the bleached pulp underwent the sodium chlorite treatment to isolate the holocellulose by removing extractives, residual lignin, and some hemicelluloses. The amount of acid-insoluble lignin present in the raw bamboo, Kraft pulp, bleached pulp, and holocellulose was determined. The bleached pulp and holocellulose were separately made to pass for a predetermined number of cycles in the supermass colloider to produce CNF. The yields were calculated, with ultimate values of 73.52% (200 passes) and 66.02% (300 passes) for the bleached pulp and holocellulose preparation, respectively. Optical microscopy was done to monitor the changes in the morphological characteristics of the CNF during the initial passes, while Scanning Electron Microscopy showed the nanosize dimensions of the final product with an average diameter of 58.35 nm and an average length of 2,169.26 nm. Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) showed a homogeneous particle size distribution. In addition, the functional groups present in the CNF from bleached pulp and holocellulose were analyzed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy and showed that the CNF samples contain peaks for O-H, C-H, and C-O-C stretching, but lacks groups related to lignin. X-ray Diffraction Analysis showed that the crystallinity of the CNF increased to 71% compared to the 60% from literature. Statistical analysis showed that holocellulose preparation and number of passes in the supermass colloider had significant effects on the CNF yield, length, width, and aspect ratio. The holocellulose which was made to pass the colloider for 200 times gave the highest yield and the morphological characteristics closest to reported literature values. For bleached pulps, the number of passes in the supermass colloider had significant effect on the CNF length and width.

The supply chain of potato chips agroindustry products is very useful to be applied in various aspects, therefore it is necessary to continuously improve its performance. Factors that must be considered in the supply chain design of agricultural commodities and agro-industrial products in order to obtain a supply chain that is comprehensive, effective, efficient, responsive, fair and sustainable. Climate change is a major issue in sustainability, because it can cause dangerous temperature and sea level rise, drought, and others. Scientists throughout the world provide information that supports the fact that climate is changing and that this change is partly due to human activities through the release of Green House Gases (GHGs). However, lately, GHG emissions have increased, partly due to industrialization and changes in agriculture and land use. Based on this background, the authors conducted a study with the aim of analyzing the life cycle of the potato chip supply chain with carbon footprint methods in order to reduce environmental impact. In this research, carbon footprint models will be designed on potato chip agro-industry so that spots can be identified that have the potential to produce environmental impacts. Spot identification is done by analyzing the distribution and transportation of the potato supplier and the process of producing potato chips, so that the production process is environmentally friendly. The results of the design of the potato chip agro-industry carbon footprint model is that it can determine carbon emissions released along the supply chain of potato chips agroindustry and be measured quantitatively, so that stakeholders/actors involved in the supply chain can utilize them in the decision making process. So that it is expected to increase efficiency and reduce the environmental impact that occurs due to the production of potato chips and implement environmentally friendly and sustainable industries.

In the global supply chain, the integration of production and distribution is one of the important activities that must be carried out. This also applies to the shrimp agroindustry supply chain. The shrimp agroindustry is one of the agro-food industries that deals with processing raw shrimp into various frozen shrimp products. The demand for frozen shrimp products is very diverse, while the supply of raw shrimp consists of various sizes and has perishable properties. To fulfill consumer demand, aggregate production planning must be made adaptively. Adaptive means being able to improve aggregate planning due to changes in demand. Integration of adaptive aggregate production and distribution planning will result in better planning. Based on this, we developed an adaptive aggregate production and distribution model for the shrimp agroindustry supply chain. Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) which is a pareto-based algorithm is used to solve the problem. The aim is to minimize total costs and maximize service levels. The sample problem from the shrimp agroindustry in East Java is used to show the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.

With the great explosion of data generated in computer networks. The main task of Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) has become more complicated. Most of the existing IDS are deployed on a single server and do not support the distributed processing. These systems encountered several problems as soon as the volume of the data to be analysed is larger and more varied. The main goal of this paper is to create an intrusion detection system that can analyse massive data quickly with great precision while supporting distributed data processing. This type of data processing assures that our system will be more available and fault-tolerant. In our work, we have combined the Apache Spark framework with known feature selection methods and machine learning algorithms from the improved Sickit-learn library called Sk-dist. The UNSW-NB15 dataset was used to assess the performance of our system. The results of comparisons made with other existing work have shown that our approach is much better in terms of accuracy, reduction of features and above all fault tolerance.

The technique developed to assess or measure soil health in Indonesia proposed by the author is to use soil health index by using a minimum data set consisting of 13 (thirteen) main parameters of soil equipped with the function or role of each parameter along with its weighting coefficient and how to assess each parameter and calculate the total health score of the soil studied. Furthermore, the total health score of the soil then classified into 5 levels of soil health, varying from very well to very poor levels. To select indicators used for assessment or measurement of soil health in Indonesia, the author uses some criteria proposed by some authors formerly. The author selects a technique proposed to develop SHI. The technique is "score-based" and operates in two synergistic steps. The findings show that soil health basically reflects the character and dynamics of the soil in fulfilling its functions. However, a variation on the function of soil causes difficulties in compiling a soil health assessment that can measure to which extent the soil can fulfill all of its dedicated functions. Ironically, in Indonesia, there are no tools that have been developed and used extensively, and standardized to assess soil health. Thus the development of tools to assess soil health is an urgent need in Indonesia.

A pyrolyzer was fabricated for the collection of liquid products from the pyrolysis of untreated bamboo saw dust from UPV-Bamboo Enterprise Development Project. Collection and analysis of the liquid products were performed for two temperature ranges from 490-500oC and 550-560oC. Based on the generated method from the fabricated pyrolyzer, the yield ranges from 8% to 16%. The analyses included the physicochemical properties of the liquid products, such as the pH, viscosity, density, and heating value. For temperature ranges of 490-500oC and 550-560oC, mean values of pH were 4.47 and 4.30; density values were 1087.37 kg/m3 and 1066.76 kg/m3 ; viscosity values were 1.32 mm2/s and 1.62 mm2/s; and heating values were 1.99 MJ/kg and 2.51 MJ/kg respectively. The results showed that there was no significant difference in the pH, viscosity, calorific value, and density of the untreated bamboo saw dust with different operating temperatures of the pyrolyzer equipment using a One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) since the p-value of each test were greater than the specified α = 0.05 level of significance. The analyses of the physicochemical properties could be used in studying how the liquid product can be utilized. The results can also be bases to see if the liquid product can be used as a fuel or can be a potential ingredient for phar maceutical products.

The present study focuses on investigating the interaction between Mannose and LSMT using molecular docking and Density Functional Theory (DFT). A novel protein like-lectin Light Subunit Mushroom Tyrosinase (LSMT) was discovered inadvertently during elucidation of the button mushroom Agaricus bisporus tyrosinase structure. The molecular docking result revealed three possible positions, of which the first resembles the sugar-binding region in the structures of its homolog (HA-33 or CNL), and the second is located in the interface region to the tyrosinase subunit. Another position is a new finding region that includes interaction with five amino acid residues. The molecule complex was modeled by truncation of five selected residues, then the atom of peptide chain freezed. In the final study, the interaction energy was analyzed using DFT showed that Threonine 91 (Thr91) has the highest role of interaction between ligand and protein. Study at this fundamental level is important because it will be used as a benchmark of interaction characteristics between LSMT and Mannose. Thus, the calculation result can be a reference in the development of LSMT application as a drug carrier protein.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of experiential learning through farming on students’ learn- ing in the common core science GE course. A total of 101 year-one and year-two university students from different disciplines had joined the farming practicum, in which hands-on farm work and guided discussion were included. Quantitative surveys and qualitative feedback revealed that the farming practicum helped students understand the course materials better, foster their reflection on the environmental, social and political issues, and gain the knowledge and techniques in farming. This study provides insightful findings to support the implementation of experiential learning through farming in the university science GE course. Given the diverse aspects and interdisciplinary nature of agriculture, experiential learning through farming can be extended to other GE courses, including the humanity courses, to inspire the students and cultivate them into better global citizens.

This research aims to apply a series of classical machine learning algorithms based on decision trees (Decision Tree, Adaboosting, Bagging, Random Forest) to verify the ten-fold cross-validation of the steel plate fault data. The source of the data set was the Research Center of Sciences of Communication in Italy and has been used two times by M Buscema when it is provided [15, 16]. The data set includes 7 different types of steel plate faults: Pastry, Z_Scratch, K_Scatch, Stains, Dirtiness, Bumps, and Other Faults. It is found that the Bagging algorithm outperforms the other methods and achieves 96.30% and 90% accuracy on the training and testing set, respectively. This will allow us to find abnormalities on the surface of the steel plate timely and reduce losses. Based on these algorithms, we can cooperate with iron and steel practitioners to design more appropriate algorithms to achieve higher recognition accuracy in the future.

The article analyzes relaxation α-transition in elastomeric composites containing a hybrid carbon black/carbon nanotubes (CB/CNT) filler. According to the DMA data, the inclusion of hybrid particles CB/CNT in the filler leads to the expansion of the temperature dependences of the loss tangent (TanD) for all samples towards lower temperatures and the displacement of the position of the TanD maximum by a value from 4.0 up to 16 degrees in comparison with control vulcanizate. The DSC data indicate the presence of additional low-temperature α-relaxation transitions in modified vulcanizates (-123 ... -118 oC). The observed relaxation behavior of macromolecules is due to the appearance in the material of regions with less dense packing of macromolecules and, as a consequence, the expansion of their conformational set for segmental motion under low-temperature conditions. It guarantees to get material with increased fatigue resistance and frost resistance. It is shown that hybrid filler particles, in comparison with carbon black, change the final structure of vulcanizates, causing the appearance of areas with a more loose packing of macromolecules and increased segmental mobility in the low-temperature area. It gives opportunities for getting rubber with increased fatigue resistance and frost resistance.

The contribution focuses exclusively on volume manufacturers because the spread of sustainability effects is more limited for this market segment than premium brands. An empirical study is used to determine the expectations on the customer side regarding more sustainability in the automotive industry in general and in the interior sector in particular and to derive corresponding challenges and potentials for original equipment manufacturers. The empirical study is based on an online survey with randomly selected persons via social media. The survey was conducted via Survey monkey. All persons with a minimum age of 18 years were considered. A majority of 63 percent of all volume brand customers are willing to pay a higher price for additional costs related to the use of natural and sustainable materials. All participants principally agree that sustainability should play an overall role in the automobile and should not be restricted to individual areas. Further research projects will analyze whether there are significant differences when it comes to premium manufacturers. Furthermore, no distinction has been made between age, gender, and automotive brand. All of these can be explored in the scope of further research activities, too.

This study was done with the intent to screen the acetylcholinesterase activity of alkaloids from plant extracts often selected indigenous plants in Mindanao. Determination of the functional groups which may attribute to the anticholinesterase activity was done using the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The presence of nitrogen, carbonyl group, hydroxyl groups, and aromatic rings was found in Costus speciosus, Euphorbia hirta, Ipomoea aquatica and Mimosa pudica. The results of the acute oral toxicity test show that at 2000mg/kg, Costus speciosus, Euphorbia hirta, Ipomoea aquatica and Mimosa pudica extracts are classified as Category 5: practically non-toxic based on the Globally Harmonised System [1]. Another purpose of this study is to acquire the Approximate Inhibitory Concentration (AIC50) of the extracts using the Ellman method to determine the% inhibition at concentrations logarithmically determined, and linear regression was used to calculate the AIC50. The AIC50 of C. speciosus, E. hirta, I. aquatica and M.pudica extracts are 4.18 mg/mL, 3.74 mg/mL, 3.68 mg/mL, 4.18 mg/mL, respectively and their corresponding AIC50 range are 3.13-5.23 mg/mL, 2.81-4.68 mg/mL, 2.76-4.60 mg/mL and 3.13-5.23 mg/mL. Furthermore, the AIC50 of the plant extracts was compared statistically with the positive control (Donepezil) to know if there is a significant difference. Results show that the significant value 0.287 is greater than α = .05 (2-tailed). The researchers failed to reject the null hypotheses that there is no significant AIC50 difference between of C. speciosus, E. hirta, I. aquatica and M. pudica extracts and the positive control, Donepezil. Hence,the anticholinesterase activity of the plant extracts are comparable with the anticholinesterase activity of positive control, Donepezil.

Lettuce (The current research was conducted to find the nitrogen content of fertilizer from coconut wastewater with microbial L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus and S. thermophilus. The study was prepared based on a Completely Randomized Design with a single factor treatment. The treatments are P1: ZA 1.8 g/polybag Fertilizer, P2: Liquid Wastewater Fermented coconut water 250 ml/lt. water, P3: Fertilizer liquid wastewater of coconut water 500 ml/lt. water, P4: Fertilizer liquid wastewater of 250 ml fermented coconut/lt. water and R1M solution 10 ml/lt. water and P5: Liquid wastewater of fermented coconut water 500 ml/lt. of water and R1M solution 10 ml/lt. water. Each treatment was repeated as many as 3 replications. The growth observations included leaf area, wet weight, and dry weight of lettuce plant. The results showed that Inorganic fertilizer treatment and treatment of coconut wastewater fertilizer fertilized by L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, and S. thermophilus have no significant effect on leaf area formation, wet weight, and dry weight of lettuce plant. Coconut wastewater fertilizer is fermented by L. bulgaricus, L. acidophilus, and S. thermophilus concentration of 250 ml/lt. of water able to spur the growth of lettuce plant. An increase in waste output will accompany increased advancement in the coconut food industry's technologies. The waste of coconut water that is prevalent in the marketplaces emits an odor. Coconut water is an excellent media if it is used for the development of microbes.

The purpose of this rearch is to know the effect of the combination of biological agents with inorganic fertilizers and finding the correct dose for the combination of biological agents with inorganic fertilizer for the growth of sugarcane. The research was conducted in the village Pakiskembar, Pakis, subdistrict Malang. The study used a randomized block design with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA); if there is a significant difference, then it is followed by a further test of LSD 5%. The results showed the effect of the combination of inorganic fertilizer with biological agents. There are significant differences in plant height and length of the rod at 139 DAP, stem diameter at 153 DAP, and the number of tillers at 97 DAP. P5 (NPK 300 kg ha−1 + ZA 400 kg ha−1 + Biofertilizer 30 L ha−1) is known to give good growth in most but not significantly different from P1 (NPK 400 kg ha−1 + ZA 600 kg ha−1). A combination of inorganic fertilizer with biological agents can lower the dose of inorganic fertilizer, and biological agents can provide nutrients needed for sugarcane so that the use of inorganic fertilizers can be reduced.

This study evaluates the performance of an imidazoline commercial inhibitor in a sweet environment. AISI 1045 carbon steel was chosen, with pH 5 and pH 7, flow rate 7.85 cm/s and 13.09 cm/s, and NaCl 3.5% solution. FTIR, XRD, Weight loss, Polarization, and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) tests were performed to obtain complete information regarding the inhibitor’s performance. According to weight loss results at pH 5, the highest efficiency of inhibitor was 82.59% with 200 ppm inhibitor’s concentration, flow rate 7.85 cm/s, and corrosion rate of 0.104 mm/y. While at pH 7, the highest efficiency obtained was 92.697% in 100 ppm concentration of inhibitor, flow rate 7.85 cm/s, and corrosion rate 0.037 mm/y. XRD testing showed Fe24N10 compound formed as a result of a reaction between Fe and the pyridine nitrogen atom. FTIR testing showed a functional group of inhibitors precipitated on the sample’s surface when immersed, and EIS testing showed that the addition of the inhibitor concentration increased the value of polarization resistance of solution, and the value of (constant phase element) decreased. Organic inhibitor becomes alternative protection of corrosion because it is biodegradable, cheap, and also environmentally friendly. The imidazoline inhibitor acts adsorptively on the surface of the AISI 1045 steel by forming the complex Fe24N10 to give a thin film that inhibits the rate of corrosion. Alternative corrosion inhibitors from tobacco can be used or even replace imidazoline inhibitors in applying oil and gas.

The main objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of natural coagulants (selected seed) on the treatment of domestic grey water and to study the factors affecting the removal efficiency in terms of Turbidity and COD removal. Effect of settling time and pH variation on the removal efficiency was also studied. Grey water is all wastewater generated in households, public or commercial properties without fecal contamination. Treating and reusing grey water decreases the quantity of fresh water needed and lessens the wastewater flow flowing into the sewer system. The grey water sample was taken from a residential society in Ahmedabad and the natural coagulant used was freely and locally available Custard Apple (Annona Reticulata) seeds. The initial characteristics of the grey water were accessed based on the parameters pH, TS, TDS, Turbidity, and COD and measured as 7.79, 780 mg/L, 590 mg/L, 276 NTU, and 625 mg/L, respectively. Turbidity and COD were analyzed for different Coagulant Dosage concentrations and by varying the Settling Time and pH. The settling time was varied from 10 to 30 minutes considering the elimination of micro-flocs, and pH was varied from 4 to 9. The optimum results were obtained at a settling time of 30 minutes, pH 9 and 10 mg/L coagulant dosage giving 85% turbidity removal and 82% COD removal. It was observed that adding organic coagulant beyond the optimum level contributes to COD. Water scarcity along with climate change, population growth, and development, pose difficulties for the present water supply systems. Today, 2.1 billion people globally are living without a safe water supply near their homes. Hence, domestic wastewater treatment along with its reuse is becoming a significant topic for research.

This study was carried out to assess the response of young cork oak plants inoculated by nine fungal isolates (Russul sp. Lactar controversus, Amanita pantherina, Cortinarius sp., Hebeloma sp., Boletus sp., Lactarius volemus, Inocybe sp. and Scleroderma sp.) to water deficit. Acorns were used as plant material. They were provided from canton "A" of the Maamora forest, harvested in Decem ber, and soaked in water for 24 hours before planting. As fungal material, 9 species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Russula sp., Lactarius volemus, Lactarius controversus, Inocybe sp., Scleroderma sp., Amanita pantherina, Cortinarius sp., Hebe loma sp., Boletus sp) have been used for the prepa- ration of the inocula. The results showed that controlled mycorrhization significantly improves plants tolerance to drought stress. Boletus sp. was the most efficient isolate that procured to cork oak seedlings a better stomat- acal conductance, root and shoot dry weight, and chlorophyll content. Also, the leaf water potential, proline, and anthocyanin accumulation were lower in seedlings with Boletus inoculation. After the drought stress stage, cork oak plants have been rehydrated, and again, Boletus sp. produced a mean recovery of 60% while it was only 1% in plant control. These data clearly show that the inoculation of cork oak plants with ectomycorrhizal isolates, such as Boletus sp. could be a very interesting pathway in the sandy soils of Maamora and subsequently in determining the success of its regeneration programs.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of FUSO with various flow rate modulation patterns, amplitudes, and switching times on the conversion of synthesis gas. In this study, Forced Unsteady-State Operation (FUSO) was simulated by modulating the flow rate of the feed gas as a novel operation method to increase the conversion of synthesis gas to methane. FUSO was held after the system had reached its steady-state condition. The feed in this process was a mixture of H2, CO, and Ar with the mole fraction of 50%, 10%, and 40%, respectively. The average feed volumetric flow rate was 0.3 lN/min, and the operating conditions were 553 K with a total pressure of up to 2 barabs . Modeling and simulation for both steady-state and unsteady-state conditions were developed using the FlexPDE simulation software, assuming an isothermal fixed-bed reactor on Ni-based catalyst. The results were compared with bench-scale experimental data to validate the results. The simulation results compare sufficiently with the bench-scale experimental data to be validated. The simulation results showed that FUSO operation improves synthesis gas to methane conversion considerably. The highest conversion achieved was 84.79% under step pattern flow rate modulation with the amplitude of 0.6 lN/min and switching time of 3s, while the conventional steady-state operation only reached 72.99%. This study shows that FUSO can potentially be applied to synthesis gas methanation to increase conversion. Conversion of biomass into Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) via gasification and methanation could be a favorable route to increase the potential use of biomass. The advantages of SNG are the high energy content and efficient end-use technologies, further supported by well-established gas distribution infrastructures.

A Trial Master File (TMF) plays a significant role in clinical trials to comply with regulatory requirements. Many organizations involve clinical trials in the process of implementing Enterprise Content Management (ECM) called electronic eTMF. The concept of this study was based on concerns about the implementation of the eTMF system. This case study aimed to identify and gain in-depth understanding of the gaps in eTMF system implementation for organizations in Thailand. Interviews followed a semistructured questionnaire with fourteen users of the eTMF system, which were conducted to collect users’ opinions concerning eTMF system satisfaction, tool (named master list) application, eTMF management processes complexity, and user knowledge. Besides, the survey was conducted to assess user knowledge on master list application and eTMF management processes. The interview findings revealed that unsatis- fied search function of the eTMF system was the highest ranking gap. The second and third ranking gaps were the lack of understanding and the complexity of the master list, respectively. Lack of knowledge concerning the master list and eTMF system functions was ranked as the fourth-ranking gap. Lastly, repeating the processes of eTMF was the fifth-ranking gap. Also, the results of the user knowledge assessment con- firmed the lack of knowledge in eTMF management processes and the master list. Determining the critical gaps in system implementation would be useful for the application of suitable solutions. Future study will utilize practices, tools, and guidelines developed for success in system implementation with a knowledge management approach. An efficient knowledge management program allows the utilization of knowledge, including improving users' productivity and satisfaction.

Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) have been considered as beneficial microorganisms that can promote plant growth by their potential mechanism, particularly Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) production. Lysinibacillus fusiformis UD 270 isolated from local plants in Khon Kaen, Thailand displayed its capability to produce IAA from tryptophan well-known as its precursor. Thus, the study was investigated in IAA biosynthesis with different concentrations of tryptophan and bacterial cell number as well as observed the correlation between bacterial growth and IAA production. The bacteria were grown in nutrient broth supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 mg mL-1 of tryptophan at 30oC for 72h. Reasonable bacterial growth and IAA production were appreciably determined at 36h of incubation in 5 mg mL-1 of tryptophan. Meanwhile, the pH of the culture media was gradually increased at the beginning and made stable after 36h. Moreover, when the cell concentration was varied from 103 to 109 Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) mL-1, the IAA production was significantly higher at high cell concentrations, concretely with 107 and 109 CFU mL-1. Also, a positive correlation between growth and IAA production was indicated in the two experiments. The results have referred for the suitable uses of tryptophan and cell number for bacterial growth and IAA biosynthesis of L. fusiformis UD 270 to apply for further researches.

Mercury is a toxic pollutant emitted from industrial sectors to the environment and distributed globally. The potential for biological treatment of industrial wastewater contaminated with mercury was evaluated using Pseudomonas putida (P. putida) under various conditions in a bioreactor. The effect of mercury concentration on the P. putida growth of bacteria and also mercury removal was determined. Modifications in optimum operating conditions in shake flask and bioreactor need to be determined so it could bring us to a better result. In this research, optimum conditions for growth of P. putida in shake flask are identified: acclimatization time 24 hours, orbital shaker speed 180rpm, temperature 37째C, pH 7, and nutrient concentration 8g/L. The removal efficiency obtained is 99% for 1ppb, 99.8% for 6ppb, and 98.6% for 19ppb while for 1000ppb mercury, the removal efficiency is 92% for 1 hour and 98% for 28 hours. In 2L bioreactor, same condition as shake flask is applied with agitator speed of 180 rpm and aeration time of 0.50vvm. For 1300ppb and 3000ppb, the removal efficiency is 89% and 94%, respectively. The findings of this study can be used as a reference for future application in industrial wastewater treatment plant.

This research purpose was to identify attention as the primary characteristic of mindfulness, among other cognitive features. The utility of training attention is evident in real-life situations such as listening to others, driving a car, conducting a medical-surgical procedure, and so forth. Therefore, we argue that devising a method for detecting the moment at which the attention is distracted would be beneficial to the cultivation of attention. We have conducted research to develop a software framework that can model attention pertaining to a particular task and give an alert when attention is distracted. The framework has been designed to capture attention-related Electroencephalography (EEG) brain wave signals in response to a specific task and to train an Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The trained ANN can be used to receive EEG signals during a task and determine an individual's attentiveness. Accordingly, a vibration alert is sent to an individual's mobile phone to serve as a signal for the person to refocus attention. The framework has been used to model attention during a lecture, and an experiment was conducted to assess the attentiveness of students. The experimental results determined that 75% of students were able to maintain attention during a lecture, and vibration alert has been effectively supportive of regaining the attention. Hence, we conclude that our software framework can be used to the model regaining attention in a session that requires the focused attention.

This study applied the Markov chain model on the daily average wind speed data recorded at the meteorological stations in northern Peninsular Malaysia. This study aims to investigate the trend of wind speed by obtaining the transition probability matrix and the stationary distribution vector for each of the stations. The five states of wind speed based on the Beaufort scale ranging from the scale Beaufort 0 up to Beaufort 4 were defined. The stationary distribution vectors obtained revealed that Kota Bharu, Kuala Terengganu and Bayan Lepas demonstrated the highest proportion of daily average wind speed occurring in the scale of Beaufort 2 with the proportion of 69.27%, 63.62% and 61.89% respectively. Meanwhile, Alor Setar and Chuping showed the highest proportion of daily average wind speed occurring in the scale of Beaufort 1 with the proportion of 54.52% and 72.29% respectively. Furthermore, Kota Bharu and Kuala Terengganu also showed 9.30% and 7.13% proportion of daily average wind speed occurring more than 3.3 meter per second (Beaufort 3 and above) while Bayan Lepas station only demonstrates approximately 3.31% of the category. The least proportion displayed for this category is Alor Setar with 0.6% and followed by Chuping with 1.98%.

This study aims to calculate the angular velocity, angular acceleration, and torque of two rigid bodies that share a common point using instantaneous sensor measurements. The goal of this approach is to produce outcome measurements free from accumulated error. IMU sensors and accelerometers have been used to capture real-time data. This arrangement applies to cases such as when the bodies are connected by a ball-and-socket joint, a Hooke joint, or a revolute joint, especially where it is impractical to use a joint measurement sensor between the bodies the relative motion of human limbs. The proposed system has been designed, built, and tested in a lab, which showed satisfactory results. The proposed sensor assembly overcomes these limitations. The case study showed accurate data capturing without any limitations. This paper has also demonstrated various formulas and algorithms that can help to calculate both robot parameters with these different sensors, which help to find out angular acceleration, torque, and angular velocity for smooth and reliable opeerations. The proposed circuitry system and algorithm showed very accurate results of these parameters.

The objective of this study was to investigate the interaction of different types of cement and superplasticizer admixtures in which the Superplasticizers were stimulated by heating before addition to the mortar. To evaluate the desired impacts, tests on the fluidity and flow loss of mortar were conducted. For better considering the behavior of admixtures under heat stimulation with different types of cement, three types of cement and two types of superplasticizer are used, Polycarboxylic acid-based and Polycarboxylic acid-based ether. The admixtures were heated to 40 ̊C, 50 ̊C, and 60 ̊C for 0.5 hours and 24 hours. Generally, Polycarboxylic acid-based admixtures showed higher flow improvement in 60 ̊C heating with all cement types, especially with High Early Cement, in comparison with Polycarboxylic acid-based ether type. The flow loss of mortar was reduced by heat stimulation of admixtures, Polycarboxylic acid-based ether (the product suitable for Ready Mix Concrete) showed significant flow improvement after 15 minutes and kept it to one hour. As the result of this research, it is possible to reduce the admixture dosage and maintain the desired fluidity of mortar or increase the mortar fluidity by applying the heat stimulation technique.

Therefore, this study aimed to isolate and screen PNSB from shrimp ponds with their ability to reduce phosphate in water from shrimp cultivation. A total of 83 PNSB strains were isolated from water and sediment samples collected from various 15 shrimp ponds located in Phang-nga and Songkhla provinces. For primary screening, there were 42 strains (51%) that grew well (OD660> 1.0) in glutamate-acetate broth supplemented with 1.5% (w/v) NaCl, under conditions of microaerobic-light and aerobic-dark. However, in secondary screening, only two strains (W12 and W48) could grow in sterile rearing water collected from shrimp ponds. They were selected for tertiary screening to investigate their ability to remove phosphate in sterile rearing water under both incubating conditions. Both PNSB strains produced no significant differences for phosphate removal efficiency (> 50%) with the exception under microaerobic-light conditions as strain W12 roughly reduced 46% phosphate. Of these, 2 strains could be used as inoculants to remove phosphate from rearing water in shrimp ponds. One of the key environmental concerns about shrimp cultivation is the discharge of rearing water with high levels of nutrients, especially phosphate, into waterways, resulting in eutrophication. To solve this problem, biological treatment is well-recognized, and the use of purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) is one of the attractive alternative choices because of their high removal efficiency in wastewater treatment with various metabolic growth conditions.

In this paper, we design and implement a two-axis tracking system of PV systems that follows the Maximum Power Point (MPP) using a programmable circuit XILINX type Complex Programmable Logic Device- CPLD and Xilinx ISE software. Thus, the PV module will reach its MPP in relation to the date and time of the day. The test bed relies on an algorithm integrated in the XILINX that has as inputs: date, location’s latitude and longitude, the standard longitude (related to the location’s position in relation with Greenwich), and the number of the positions of the Sun's path. To establish the position of the panel in a time of day value is determined by the following calculations: the angle of the day, a correction factor of Earth's orbit, the solar declination angle, the equation of time in minutes, eastern time using latitude angle, the number of hours the Sun shines using angle eastern time, time the Sun sets, vectors containing the coordinates of the positions of the Sun (in this case 10 positions) during the day and azimuth angle. A Photovoltaic (PV) tracker system is one of those methods that are able to increase PV power generation. Theoretically, a PV tracker system with two axes can increase the overall solar energy capture by about 45%, compared to a fixed PV module tilted at an angle equal to the local latitude. For a one-axis tracking system, the increase is approximately 32%.

The paper aims to explore how South African retail organisations can use m-commerce to achieve their strategic objectives. Strategic objectives include increased return on capital, improved operating quality and efficiency, growing high-value customer relationships, accelerating product innovation, and creating a high-performance culture. Research questions were generated from a strategy map that identified five strategic themes, each with its own objectives. A qualitative approach to the research was taken with open-ended interview questions, and thematic analysis was used to analyse the data. The literature and the data analysis findings indicated that South African retail organisations could use m-commerce to achieve all the strategic objectives. However, the findings indicate that m-commerce, within the South African retail context, is more suited to increasing return on capital, growing high-value customer relationships, and improving operating quality and efficiency. The literature surveyed highlighted that there could be an opportunity for retail organisations within South Africa to achieve their strategic objectives by implementing effective m-commerce strategies which are aligned with the business strategy. Therefore, improving and updating their business processes and modifying

The search for p-type Transparent Conducting Oxides (TCO) has been pursued vigorously to complement current advances in n-type TCOs to develop heterojunctions for various electronic devices. One of the promising p-type TCOs is CuAlO2. Thin films of CuAlO2 were deposited on a clean glass substrate using the chemical solution deposition (sol-gel) method of deposition with CuCl and AlCl3 taken as the starting materials. CuCl was dissolved in HCl while AlCl3 in distilled water, pH value of the mixture was controlled by the addition of NaOH. The samples were annealed at different temperatures in order to determine the effect of annealing temperatures on the morphological and optical properties of the deposited CuAlO2 thin film. The surface morphology reveals an improved crystalline nature as annealing temperature increases. The UV-vis and FT-IR spectrophotometry results indicate that the absorbance for all the samples decreases sharply from a common value of about 89% at about 329nm to a range of values of 56.2%-35.2%. The extinction coefficients for all the samples decrease from 133.89 x 10-3, 111.76 x 10 -3, 93.45 x 10-3 and 89.44 x 10-3 in the infrared region to about 81.11 x 10-3, 82.22 x 10-3, 83.35 x 10-3 and 84.42 x 10-3 at about 4.05eV in the visible region. And the absorption coefficients of three samples decrease with increase in annealing temperature from 1.58 x 10-6, 1.29 x 10-6 and 1.08 x 10-6 at about 1.14eV in the infrared region to about 1.93 x 10-6, 1.58 x 10-6 and 1.29 x 10-6 at about 3.62eV in the visible region. Transmittance and band gaps vary directly with annealing temperature; the deposited films were found to be suitable in optoelectronic applications.

The main aim of this research is to study the effect of silver as substitution to super-conductivity behav ior of Hg_0.6Tl_0.4Ba₂Ca₂(Cu1-xAgx)₃O_8+δ compound through modifying phase and lattice parameters, transition temper ature Tc, likewise, the dielectric properties. Bulk polycrystalline Hg_0.6Tl_0.4Ba₂Ca₂(Cu1-xAgx)₃O_8+δ compound compound samples with x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.7, are synthesized by solid state reaction process. Study identifies Silver substitution on superconductivity behavior. Structural specifications are deliberated by using X-ray powder pattern, the high temperature phase superconductor (Hg-1223) of the tetragonal structure didn't change with the partial replacement of Cu+2 by Ag+1 ions, lattice parameters a, c ,c/a are established to vary as function of Ag- substitution. Transition temperature (Tc) has been calculated using technique of four-probe to measure electrical resistivity. Transition temperature at zero resistivity T c(of fset) decreases from 117 to 86 K with increasing Ag. In addition, dielectric properties (dielectric constant and loss) are characterized directly by relating with Ag concentration.

This research will present the procedure to obtain the storage capacity, the type of LNG receiving terminal, and Critical Success Factors (CSF) as well as control measures for such factors, which are appropriate for Phra Nakhon Tai power plant. This research methodology starts from determining the terminal’s storage capacity from the demand of natural gas of Phra Nakhon Tai power plant. Then, the storage capacity and the calculated natural gas demand will be used to select the type of LNG receiving terminal which is appropriate for the power plant. The selection criteria will come from a study of a group of countries with LNG receiving terminals and have similar sea state characteristics to Thailand and from reviewing related literature. Subsequently, when the type and the terminal's storage capacity are known, the next process will be to create measures by starting from analyzing the CSF for the establishment of the terminal by applying the concept of Balanced Scorecard and using those CSF to create control measures. Once measures of each factor are known, they will be evaluated to find the compatibility between the factor and the measures. The final results achieved will be the result of categorizing control measures of critical success factor into 3 phases for the establishment of a LNG Receiving Terminal in the Gulf of Thailand to supply natural gas to Phra Nakhon Tai power plant continuously. It was found that they can be categorized into 4 aspects, namely Metocean, logistics, environment, and economics. Hence, this research is the first research that will study all four aspects and analyze factors for LNG receiving terminal establishment in each aspect as well as their control measures.

Life is full of frustration and challenge that could lead to mental stress. Teaching could be one of challenging profession which has become crucial to the society. Teachers uphold such abundance work including teaching, handling students and activities at school. Despite of their overload work, the new developed technology need to be taught by the teacher. The technology is actually consists of critical thinking and hands on activity which requires the teacher to be creative in conveying the knowledge. Thus, an experiment has been conducted to identify the teacher’s stress by using electroencephalogram (EEG) signals and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS21). Affective Space Model (ASM) developed by Russell has been used in this research study which consists of valence and arousal. The study in understanding teacher stress by using EEG and ASM has been found as scarce. The objective of this research study is to identify the stress level of the teacher through their emotion. There are two experiments need to be conducted: first experiment is to profile the subject’s basic emotions and second experiment will be answering the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS21) to induce stress. 10 healthy teachers are recruited for this study. Mel Frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCC) is adopted for feature extraction and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) will be used as classifier. The result shows that the emotions appear is more towards negative emotions which depicts stress for the subject after teaching the developed technology. Based on this results, we may do further research on the educational system in Malaysia if it is been embedded with the new technology. Furthermore, the study is beneficial for the early stress detection among teacher.

International Direct Dialing (IDD) is one of the services based on the Telecommunications Operator clear channel access and Voice over IP (VoIP). In running this business, Operators face Grey Operators who do illegal practices by passing traffic of international incoming call without going through the official international service providers called Fraud Subscriber Identity Module Box (SIMBOX). The impacts of this practice are not only the revenue decline, but SIMBOX also provides less good image for the operator because of the low quality service. Some operators have made efforts to implement the mitigation of traffic SIMBOX fraud detection system. This study aims to improve the detection of fraud traffic and maintain the quality of service. This study redesigns the existing SIMBOX fraud detection system to become a dynamic detection system by adding a dynamic control algorithm and is simulated using MATLAB simulation approach. A dynamic system is indispensable as there are various fraud traffic flow profiles that always change and could not be predicted. The results of this study indicate that fraud detection SIMBOX could be improved up to 5,000% and could increase potential revenue to $ 2 billion per month. Thus the fraud detection SIMBOX dynamic system will provide greater detection results than the previous system.

Bandwidth starvation is an important aspect to consider when deploying Triple Play Quality of Service (QoS) in Internet Protocol (IP) network. How to guarantee each class of QoS running smoothly with enough bandwidth when facing congested network. Traffic policing technique has been proposed by author to ensure voice traffic is separated from other class instead of using Low Latency Queuing (LLQ) of Weighted Fair Queuing (WFQ). This paper addresses the effect of traffic policing and Random Early Detection (RED) to quality of service in term of delay, jitter and packet loss. The result show traffic policing with combination using RED is promised each class of WFQ gets enough bandwidth and avoid bandwidth starvation. Simulation results show end to end delay for voice 0.02 second, voice jitter 0.00025 second,video delay 0.05 second,video jitter 0.0005. These paramaters accepted ITU-Y1541 standard. For queuingdelay paramater the result is 0.02 second.

Nowadays, along with the dramatic development of industrial automatic, optimization problem has been playing an important role in designing controllers for nonlinear systems. This paper proposes a hybrid control design of Fast Output Sampling Discrete Sliding Mode Control (FOSDSMC) and fractional order PID controller (FOPID) based on fireworks algorithm (FWA) to optimize controller parameters. The hybrid controller is verified on a nonlinear inverted pendulum system. The simulation of controller optimization process is carried out using MATLAB/Simulink. The results are compared with two published controllers such as a hybrid control design of PID controller and fast output sampling discrete sliding mode control, and a hybrid control configuration of PID and state feedback controller based on linear quadratic regulator method. The comparison results show the better performance of the proposed method.

Today manufacturing systems are highly automated and consist of several interlinked machines. These automated lines are subject to frequent failures, which affect system reliability and availability, as well as its productivity. In operation of such lines, it is necessary to have enough information on failure and repair data in order to be able to analyze system reliability and availability so that exact output rates could be estimated. Reliability also depends on the preventive maintenance operations. Therefore, it is also desirable to have appropriate analysis in order to see the effects of preventive maintenances on system availability. This paper presents a procedure for collecting appropriate data, analyzing it, and determining system reliability, availability, and productivity of manufacturing lines. Furthermore, procedures and models are presented to study the effects of preventive maintenances on system availability. A special case example is used to illustrate the analysis in detail. The procedures and the models presented in this paper should be useful for operations engineers in order to improve the productivity of their manufacturing lines.

The ASEAN region is affected by many climate-change inducing factors such as Forest Fires, Transboundary Haze Pollution, and Forest Degradation. However, within the next few years there may be one more significant contributor in making the ASEAN region vulnerable to climate-change–Air Transportation. Air Traffic Demand in the ASEAN region is growing tremendously. It is expected that air traffic in the region will triple by the year 2033, thus, posing the need for reduction of Green House Gas emissions from aircraft to reduce air pollution. This paper highlights the estimated amount of key air pollutants such as NO_X and CO₂ emitted in the ASEAN region due to current air traffic demand and the potential benefits of free route airspace implementation in the region. The environmental emissions were estimated using System for Traffic Assignment and Analysis at a Macroscopic Level (SAAM) tool. A simplified version of EUROCONTROL’s Advanced Emission Model was adopted for estimating the environmental emissions. This paper also discusses future ATM technologies that may be implemented in the ASEAN region, which could support the feasibility of the Free Route Airspace Concept in the region.

Internet of Things (IoT) is used for devices to interact with each other, and Femtocells are used to provide reliable communication by eliminating shaded areas where wireless signals have become weak. IoT security is crucial since the untethered nature of wireless networks primarily allows for eavesdropping threats to confidential information. Therefore, the interlock protocol is proposed to protect confidential information that is prone to eavesdropping due to the use of an unsecure public key. This paper addresses this limitation through a countermeasure that combines the time synchronization one-time password (OTP) and the interlock protocol. In the proposed method, we use OTP for authentication before transmitting the public key and data. In order to counter eavesdropping attacks, the OTP should be first used to detect the attacker. Simulations show that both methods have up to 46% of detection rate. However, our method has a prevention rate that is 54% higher than that of the interlock protocol.

Mean-Variance Mapping Optimization (MVMO) is the newest class of the modern meta-heuristic algorithms. The original version of this algorithm is suitable for continuous search problems, so can’t apply it directly to discrete search problems. In this paper, the binary version of the MVMO (BMVMO) algorithm proposed. The proposed Binary Mean-Variance Mapping Optimization algorithm compare with well-known binary meta-heuristic optimization algorithms such, Binary genetic Algorithm, Binary Particles Swarm Optimization, and Binary Bat Algorithm over fifteen benchmark functions conducted to draw a conclusion. The numeric experiments result proves that BMVMO is better performance

In this paper, the meta-heuristic algorithm which named Differential Evaluation (DE) has been improved. The improving made to increase the exploration rate and decrease the run time. Since DE needs too long time, when we implement it to solve computational expensive problems, we developed two different versions of DE named by Enhanced1 Differential Evaluation (E1DE) and Enhanced2 Differential Evaluation (E2DE). E1DE and E2DE were introduced to solve Computationally Expensive Optimization (CEO). Problems discussed and tested using all 15 test functions of the Special Session & Competition on Real-Parameter Single Objective Optimization (Expensive Case) at Congress on Evolutionary Computation 2015 (CEC-2015). The results show that the work significantly improved the basic DE in time by 54% and in results by 86%.

At COP 21, participants of the UNFCC reached an agreement for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. It is not mandatory, but new policies and technologies are needed for each country to accomplish Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDC). Especially in the power section, Smart Grid, Renewable energy, Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), Distributed Generation and Microgrid are emerged as solutions to reduce GHGs. These technologies are known as the GHGs mitigation Technologies. However, researches are needed to reveal that is true or not. BESS can be operated for diverse purpose. This paper presents the GHGs emissions changes resulting from the unit commitment with BESS that is applied to Korea power system for minimizing end-user’s costs. This study is based on IEEE 39-bus system to reveal the influence of BESS on GHGs. As a result, in a certain condition, the increasing of BESS capacity could result the increasing of GHGs emissions.

There are many spatial interpolations schemes, but none of them can perform best in all cases. Hence, this study aims to find an optimal interpolation scheme for precipitation in Selangor and Langat basin of which are the two major basins in Selangor. In order to obtain spatially distributed precipitation data, 21 measured rain gauges points are interpolated. Five interpolation methods have been tested after exploring data and cross-validation was used as the criterion to evaluate the accuracy of the various methods. The best method was obtained by the kriging method while the inverse distance weighting (IDW) perform worst.

In the present study, conventional staining and NORs banding as well as Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH) using the 18S rDNA and telomeric (TTAGGG)n probes were applied to stain the chromosomes of crocodile catfish, Bagariussuchus (Siluriformes, Sisoridae) from the Chao Phraya River, Thailand. Kidney cells of six male and six female crocodile catfishes were used as a sample. The mitotic chromosome preparations were done directly from kidney cells. The results showed that the diploid chromosome number of B. suchus was 2n=56, the Fundamental Numbers (NF) were 102 in both male and female. The karyotype comprises 17m+17sm+12a+10t. The Nucleolar Organizer Regions (NORs) were detected by Ag-NORs banding and 18S rDNA probe mapping. The 18S rDNA are terminally located on the short arm adjacent to the telomere of the single pair of the 1st chromosome pair whereas NOR-bearing chromosome is only one chromosome of the 1st chromosome pair (1a 1b, polymorphic characteristic) at the subtelomeric region of the short arm. Moreover, FISH with telomeric probe showed hybridization signals on each telomere of all chromosomes and interstitial telomeric sites were not detected. There were variations in signals of FISH and their position in the karyotype along with variation in DNA sequences. These markers are useful for future discrimination of population of closely related species and their polymorphism.

Eco-brick is an important environment-friendly strategy to mitigate carbondioxide emission in building construction. For energy and resource efficient of eco-brick manufacturing, natural fibre and biomass waste can be utilised as matrix. The present study aims to evaluate the properties of concrete eco-brick manufactured using kenaf fibre matrix. The brick was produced by mixing kenaf fibre (MR grade), Portland cement and sand. The physical and mechanical properties of the eco-brick were evaluated according to the ASTM C73 method. The water absorption values of the eco-brick were in the range of 9.0-12.5 %. Eco-brick produced from 0.5, 1.0, 1.5% and 2.0% kenaf fibre have flexure resistance to compression of 4693.9, 4335.6, 3879.3 and 3294.5 psi respectively. According to the ASTM C73 guidelines, the properties of eco-brick from mixture of 0.5- 1.5% kenaf fibre produced in this study meet building material criteria for construction in moderate weather conditions.

The modified approach on fuzzy time series, which is represented by [3], is applied to rubber price in Thailand. The developed forecasting method corresponds to the uncertain data. The nearest symmetric trapezoidal fuzzy numbers are used to further enhance the forecasting accuracy. The accuracy of this method is compared to the traditional method and actual values by the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE). The results show that the forecasts by the developed fuzzy time series forecasting method is more accuracy than the traditional method.

Northern Kazakhstan is the basic region producing grain in the Republic of Kazakhstan. National economy depends on its state. A brief description of the characteristics of soil and the climatic conditions is given in the article. The results of years’ research (n=600) in diagnostics and optimization of crops’ nitrogen nutrition in the conditions of insufficient and unstable moistening of Northern Kazakhstan are considered in this article. The methodological approach to the evaluation of soil nitrogen state and crops with nitrogen is explicated. New method of determining the needs and dose calculation in nitrogen fertilizers with individual requirements of crop and the main factors defining their effectiveness is represented. The method is based on identification of major factors of soil fertility defining the efficiency of crops and nitric fertilizers. On the basis of the correlation analysis, the quantitative interrelation of factors with efficiency of crops is defined. Optimum parameters for measuring the content of nitrogen in the soil required for the maximum efficiency of crops and ways for achieving it are determined. The method considers individual requirements of crops and the main factors defining effectiveness. The developed technique allows purposefully managing soil nitrogen regime supplying optimization of nutrition and implementation of crops’ potential possibilities.

Celosia plumosais an attractive ornamental plant having flame-like flowers and is used traditionally as a medicinal herb. This paper deals with thered-coloured callus induction from the root, stem and leaf explants when cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of auxin picloram and 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), applied singly. When explants were cultured on MS media supplemented with 6.0 mg/l picloram, the highest amount of red-coloured callus (0.49±0.26 g) was from leaf explants and the lowest (0.09±0.02 g) from stem explants. However, the highest amount of red-coloured callus (0.69±0.13 g) was achieved on Murashige and Skoog (MS) media supplemented with 1.5 mg/l 2,4-D from stem explants, while the lowest (0.13±0.06 g) from root explants was cultured on 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D. Generally, the optimum concentration for red-coloured callus formation using picloram (6.0 mg/l) was higher compared to 2,4-D (1.5 mg/l 2,4-D).

Epiphytic terrestrial green algae are normally favoured by an environment with higher pH level. Air pollution in the atmosphere contributes to altering the bark pH and provides a better medium for algal growth. High absorption capacity of the microalgae makes it easy to accumulate atmospheric pollutants in their cells immediately. Habitats of epiphytic terrestrial algae are mostly characterized by aridity, and/or levels of temperature and light intensity. Bark pH of tree surfaces has been considered as one of the most important factors affecting the community structure of corticolousbiocells. The present work was designed to assess the effect of bark pH on the number of algal cells inhabiting 15 standing trees from the sampling station located in the Central Region of Peninsular Malaysia, Putrajaya. Several methods were used including field sampling, algal quantification, algal identification and measurement of bark pH. The study revealed that the density of epiphytic terrestrial algae was found to be significant with the bark pH (p- value= 0.001). This positive correlation (r-value= 0.762) showed that bark pH does play an important role in the health of algal cells. The algae are believed to be able to tolerate higher bark pH. The alkaline bark pH altered the microalgal composition because it was found to be positively affecting the density of epiphytic microalgae. Therefore, higher bark pH significantly contributes to the enrichment of algal density

This study documents the traditional fishing gears and fishing methods of the rural Ilocano fishermen of which this has not been done comprehensively. It records, identifies, and describes their characteristics that include their designs, mode of operation, fishing grounds and species of fish caught, among others. Artisanal fishermen using the fishing gears and fishing methods from the inland and coastal municipalities of the province were the sources of information. Results of the study revealed that there are 48 fishing gears and fishing methods used which are classified into four (4) categories based on the classification of fishing gears in the Philippines. There are eight of the hand instruments (six coastal, two inland and three common); ten of the traps (three coastal, seven inland and one common); 14 of the lines (11 coastal, two inland and one common); and 16 of the nets (10 coastal, six inland and four common). Fifteen miscellaneous fishing accessories or paraphernalia which are not in the classification were also documented. A variety of marine and freshwater fish species comprising the catch of the fishing gears and fishing methods wereidentified and recorded in their Ilokano and English or common names. These include 44 species of marine fishes, six (6) species of marine invertebrates, seven (7) species of freshwater fishes, and three (3) species of freshwater invertebrates. A documentation of these traditional implements is valuable material to preserve the fishing culture and traditions of the Ilocanos. Researchers and other interested persons may find this study as an important material for further studies.

With the growing demand for biofuels, ethanol production is rising. Alternative energy crops have been investigated to get better yield from little resources. Sweet sorghum and sweet pearl millet are promising energy crops. However, the sugar is mainly located in the juice rather than in the grain. Usually, the biomass of these crops is carried to a plant where it is handled like that of sugarcane. With the rise of the transportation fees, carrying the biomass leaves less profit to the producer and causes the loss of organic matter or forage. The objective of the research study was to design, build, and test an in-field mobile juice extraction prototype press. This allows pressing on-the-run the biomass harvested with a forage harvester. The pressed material (bagasse) is dumped on the ground while the juice is collected. The prototype press was built in the summer of 2014 and preliminary tests were carried out in the field. Obtained results are promising as 57% of the total water was extracted. More tests will be carried out to optimize the prototype press.