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The incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis is in pulmonary tuberculosis patients who proved positive on the results of direct microscopic examination, Rapid Molecular Test, and culture (sputum and tissue). Factors that can affect the event of pulmonary tuberculosis are age, gender, and body mass index. This study was done to analyze the effect of age, sex, body mass index, and environment on the event of pulmonary tuberculosis in Banjarbaru City. This research used a cross-sectional study design. The research’s respondents were 82 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis with proportional random sampling. This study used secondary data on the Online Tuberculosis Information System on the Wasor TB account of the Banjarbaru City Health Office. Analyzing data using a chi-square test and logistic regression. Patients with productive age have a tendency to have bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (p=0.011). Patients with male sex tended to have bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (p=0.022). Patients with an abnormal body mass index tended to have bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary tuberculosis (p=0.001). Patients with environments in the Banjarbaru area have a tendency for bacteriologically confirmed pulmonary TB incidence (p=0.235). Logistic regression analyzing showed that age (p=0.007; Exp(B)=5.305), gender (p=0.016; Exp(B)=3.830), BMI (p=0.001; Exp(B)=6.769) and environment (p=0.623; Exp(B)=1.647) with 95% confidence level. There is the effect of age, sex, and BMI on the event of pulmonary tuberculosis in Banjarbaru City. There is no environmental influence on the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Banjarbaru City. The BMI had the most effect on the event of pulmonary tuberculosis in Banjarbaru City.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (SARS CoV2) is the etiology of COVID-19 that can cause severe disease in the young age group. In China, Covid-19's patients with mild-severe signs were 81% (including those without pneumonia and mild pneumonia), 14% with severe disease, and 5% with critical disease. COVID-19 infected people in 31-45 years old was 29, 3%, and the highest death could happen in old age at about 17, 68%. In Paser Regency, East Kalimantan, COVID-19’s patients were 2912, cured 2644 people, and died 58 people. Treatment of critical COVID-19’s patients was not good enough. It still limited data using antivirus, antibiotic, antiinflammation, anti thrombotic, and support agents. Another treatment was needed to increase the chance to live. It was convalescent plasma from cured people that would be given to symptomatic patients. This research’s goal was to analyze the effect of convalescent plasma to increase IgG and IgM level to prevention of death in COVID-19's ICU. Research’s design was quasy experimental. The intervention was convalescent plasma to COVID-19’s patients di ICU. The populations were 101 patients in Panglima Sebaya Hospital, Paser Regency. The samples were 50 patients. Independent variable was convalescent plasma. Dependent variables were blood IgG and IgM levels. Data analyzes used pair-T-Test if in a normal distribution and Wilcoxon test if not in a normal distribution. The result showed IgG level was 269,18 ± 217,341 before treatment and 1648,1 ± 490.140 after treatment ( p value = 0.000). IgM level was 78,06 ± 53.757 before treatment and 274,16 ± 160.908 after treatment (p value = 0.000). From all of the samples, 75% of them were cured, and the rest were dead. The conclusion was that convalescent plasma increased IgG and IgM levels in the prevention of death from COVID-19 in the ICU.

The hospital is one of the health service facilities that have an important role in improving the health status of the community. At the minimum hospital service standard, medical records are included in the category of health information quality, which is one of the parameters to determine the quality of health services in hospitals is data or information from good and complete medical records. The problem that often arises in filling out medical records in inpatient installations is incomplete filling, this situation will have an impact on internal and external hospitals, because the results of data processing are the basis for making reports. The purpose of this study was to analyze the factors that influence compliance with medical record filling by inpatient ward nurses, especially in relation to gender, education level, age, years of service, and employment status. The method used in this research is quantitative research, with an analytical observational research design through a Cross Sectional approach. The number of samples in this study were 104 respondents with the sampling technique using the proportion random sampling method. The results of this study indicate that there is a relationship between education level (p = 0,018), age (p = 0,020), and years of service (p = 0,002) on compliance with medical record flling by inpatient nurses. And there is no relationship between gender (p = 0,479) and employment status (p = 0,230) on compliance with flling out medical records by inpatient nurses. The dominant factor related to compliance in flling out medical records by inpatient nurses was the level of education (p = 0,018). The dominant factor related to flling out medical records by inpatient nurses is the level of education.

The high incidence of anemia in pregnancy in Bajuin sub-district in 2019 (50,87%) and 2020 (17,25%) and the coverage of first visit antenatal care that does not fulfill the minimum service standards (75%) are one of the problems in the public health center in Bajuin sub-district. The prevalence of anemia in pregnancy affected by several factors, such as iron intake, dental and gum disease (dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis), and maternal knowledge about iron intake. This study aims to analyze iron intake, dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, and knowledge of iron intake as risk factors of anemia pregnancy in Bajuin sub-district Tanah Laut District. This study used an analytical observational method with a cross-sectional design. The research subjects consisted of 42 pregnant women in the working area of the Tirta Jaya Public Health Center and Tanjung Habulu Public Health Center, Bajuin sub-district. Data analysis was performed by descriptive analysis, statistical analysis x 2 test, and multinomial logistic regression analysis. x 2 test analysis showed the p - value of the variable iron intake (p value = 0.000), dental caries (p value = 0.488), gingivitis (p value = 1,000), periodontists (p = 0.045), and knowledge of iron intake (p value = 0.035). The analysis results using multiple logistic regression showed the p - value and Exp B of the variables of iron intake (p value = 0.001; Exp.B = 42,42). Iron intake, periodontitis, and knowledge of iron intake are related with anemia pregnancy in Bajuin sub-district, Tanah Laut District. Dental caries and gingivitis are not a risk factor of anemia pregnancy in Bajuin sub-district, Tanah Laut District. The most influential risk factor of anemia pregnancy is iron intake. Dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, and knowledge of iron intake as confounding factors of anemia pregnancy.

Dental Caries has the highest prevalence of oral disease in Indonesia and occur in all age range. Based on WHO, about 60-90% of students worldwide have dental caries. The purpose of this research was to determine the relationship between age, gender, JKN membership status, toothbrush behavior, and consumption of cariogenic food with dental caries among students from Pasar Kamis 1 Elementary School Districts Banjar, South Kalimantan Province. This study used cross-sectional design. The research subjects consist of 65 students From Pasar Kamis 1 Elementary School Districts Banjar, South Kalimantan Province. Descriptive and statistical analysis of data using chi-square test and logistic regression test. The results of chi-square analysis showed p values for age (p = 0.026), gender (p = 0.017), JKN membership status (p = 0.013), toothbrush behavior (p = 0.006) and cariogenic food consumption (p = 0.001). The results of regression logistic showed values of p and Exp B for age (p = 0.008, Exp B = 2.569), gender (p = 0.017, Exp B = 1.956), JKN membership status (p = 0.031, Exp B = 1.667), toothbrush behavior (p = 0.006, Exp B = 2.742), and consumption of cariogenic food (p = 0.006, Exp B = 2.952) There was a significant relationship between age, gender, JKN membership status, toothbrush behavior and cariogenic food consumption with dental caries at students from Pasar Kamis 1 Elementary School Districts Banjar, South Kalimantan Province. The most dominant variable related to dental caries was cariogenic food consumption.

Health workers in providing services have the potential risk of needle stick injuries or other sharp objects, these can carry blood pathogens such as hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), HIV and twenty more other pathogens, which have an impact on infection where the chance of contracting Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C and HIV infection. According to the World Health Organization, globally, about 3 million of the 35 million health care workers receive exposure to blood-borne pathogens each year. A total of 2,000,000 health workers of whom infected the Hepatitis B virus, 900,000 infected the Hepatitis C virus (HCV), and another 170,000 were infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Several studies have shown that recapping and years of service are associated with the incidence of needle sticks in health facilities. To examine studies that explain the relationship between recapping actions and years of service for health workers with the incidence of needle sticks injury in health facilities. This study used an observational study with a cross sectional design. Sources of data obtained from secondary data through Online. Data collection procedures using databases include Pubmed, Google Scholar and Garuda Portal with a range of 2016-2020. Analyzed using the Revman 5.3 application. Results Of the 33 studies obtained according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 14 studies were obtained which could be continued to the analysis stage using the Revman 5.3 Application. The recapping action variable uses 10 studies and years of service using 9 studies. The results of data analysis showed that there was a relationship between recapping and the incidence of needle sticks with a p-value = 0.00001 and a Pooled odds ratio value of 2.71 (95% CI 2.32, 3.16) and the data results showed a relationship between years of service and the incidence of needle stick injury with p = 0.008 and pooled odds ratio 1.82 (95% CI 1.17, 2.85). There is a relationship between recapping actions and years of service for health personnel with the incidence of needle sticks injury in health facilities.

Adolescent girls are one of the groups that are prone to iron deficiency anemia because they have a high need for iron for growth. Iron nutritional anemia in adolescent girls is at a higher risk because they are very concerned about body shape (body image). Many limit their food consumption and follow a strict diet. Riskesdas 2018, the prevalence of anemia in adolescents is 32%, meaning that 3-4 out of 10 adolescents suffer from anemia. Riskesdas 2018 data shows that 25,7% of adolescents aged 13-15 years and 26,9% of adolescents aged 16-18 years with short and very short nutritional status. In addition, 8,7% of adolescents aged 13-15 years and 8.1% of adolescents aged 16-18 years with thin and very thin conditions. In contrast, the prevalence of overweight and obesity is 16,0% in adolescents aged 13-15 years and 13,5% in adolescents aged 16-18 years. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and the incidence of anemia in adolescent girls. This study uses a meta-analysis study. Researchers carried out research data collection by browsing online journals, using the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases. Analysis of the results using the application Review Manager 5.4.1. The results of this study are the BMI variable with the I2 value obtained is 74% and the p - value of the heterogeneity test < 0.05, meaning that the heterogeneity between studies is quite high. The Random Effect Model produces a combined effect size value of 1,84 (95% CI 1,17-2,90) diamond with a significant test z - value = 2,63, p = 0.009. The results of the meta-analysis of 9 articles showed that there was a tendency of the relationship betwee BMI and the incidence of anemia in adolescent girls, with a p - value < 0,05, namely p = 0,009 and a pooled odds ratio value of 1,84 (95% CI 1,17 - 2,90).

The excess load of work and poor fatigue management could also affect the workers’ performance resulting in incidents such as downtime or low performance and unsafe acts or unsafe conditions such as slips, lapses, or mistakes, if not managed well. It is worth mentioning that under-tasking employees negatively affects their performance, raising concerns such as lack of enthusiasm, loss of awareness, dullness, and loss of alertness. The workload assigned to employees has a significant impact during downsizing or temporarily peak times. It is related to working schedules, organization, and the levels of employees. In some construction companies, the skilled labor supply does not match the workload. The higher the workload, the higher the safety implications on workers, this not only does not affect job satisfaction negatively but also leads to high staff shortage and turnover. A critical evaluation and management of workload needs to be investigated to identify whether a construction firm is under-staffed; the magnitude of the existence of additional workload or if employees are capable of coping during incidents, emergencies, accidents, or process distress, hence the reason for this research.

BPJS Kesehatan provides health services in collaboration with all First Level Health Service Facilities and Advanced Level Health Facilities. Based on BPJS data, the largest use of BPJS is at the Community Health Centers. However, there are health centers with the lowest and decreasing use of BPJS in Banjarmasin, namely Banjarmasin Indah, S. Parman, and Alalak Tengah Community Health Centers. This study analyzes the factors related to the use of Community Health Centers by BPJS patients at 3 Community Health Centers in Banjarmasin City. This research was analytic observational with a cross-sectional design. The population was all patients who visited the Community Health Centers with a consecutive sampling technique of 106 people. The instrument was a questionnaire, data analysis using Multiple Logistic Regression. The results showed that there was a relationship between the level of knowledge and the utilization of Community Health Centers services (p-value 0.000) and PR of 7.619 (95% CI 3,474-16,710), there was a relationship between the facilities and the utilization of Community Health Centers services (p-value 0.000) and PR of 3.920 (CI 1.972-7.792). There is a relationship between infrastructure and Community Health Centers' utilization (p-value 0.001) and PR of 2.611 (95% CI 1.539-4.430). There is a relationship between infrastructure and the utilization of Community Health Centers services (p-value 0.000) and a PR value of 7.045 (CI 3.208-15.474). There is a relationship between knowledge, facilities, infrastructure, easy access to health centers using Community Health Centers services (p-value 0.000) in multivariate analysis. There is a relationship between knowledge, facilities, infrastructure, and ease of access using Community Health Centers by BPJS patients in 3 Community Health Centers in Banjarmasin City. The Study has applicability in the public health management field, and originality lies in Factors in the utilization of primary health services by BPJS participants.

According to data in 2018, 62.67% of marriages occurred at the age of under 20 years which made South Kalimantan Province ranked first as the province with the highest early age marriage. Early marriage leads to early pregnancy and childbirth, which are associated with high mortality and abnormalities for the mother because a girl's body is not fully mature for childbirth. This study aims to explain the analysis of articles on the effect of providing health education on early childhood marriage using motion picture media, booklets and leaflets in knowledge of adolescents. The research design used was meta-analysis with a pre-post contrast meta-analysis research design. The results of the meta-analysis test of research articles on the effect of providing health education on early age marriage with motion picture media in adolescent knowledge obtained a p-value of 0.0000 (< 0.005), the effect of providing health education on early age marriage with booklet media in Adolescent knowledge obtained a p-value of 0.00013 (< 0.005), the effect of providing health education about early marriage with leaflet media in adolescent knowledge obtained a p-value of 0.0000 (< 0.005) which means that there is a significant influence between motion picture media, booklets and leaflets with youth knowledge. This research will contribute health promotion policy using useful media. Novel contribution of this research is policy that is more interest for teenagers.

Efforts to improve maternal and child health from year to year remain a concern worldwide, including efforts to provide quality services and care. One form of service quality is by Providing patient satisfaction, patient satisfaction occurs when the service provider exceeds expectations, thereby providing an important experience during treatment. The purpose of this study was to measure maternal satisfaction when receiving postpartum care in the independent practice of Banjarbaru City Midwives. The method used is descriptive with a Cross-Sectional approach to measuring attitudes, opinions and perceptions of maternal satisfaction in five dimensions such as physical evidence, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy. The sample used Accidental Sampling, namely postpartum mothers who received treatment at PMB from April to June. The results of the study on maternal satisfaction in receiving postpartum care in the independent practice of Banjarbaru City Midwives based on the characteristics of age, parity, number of ANC visits, and most recent education were in the non-risk category, based on five dimensions of satisfaction, namely: 1) physical evidence of the mother being very satisfied 88%, Mother's reliability stated that she was very satisfied 90%, 3) Mother's responsiveness stated that she was very satisfied 88%, 4) Mother's assurance stated that she was very satisfied 88%, and 5) Mother's empathy stated that she was very satisfied 94%. However, there are respondents' expectations in each dimension, especially in the provider of land that is not wide enough, the tidiness of the officers, the lack of postpartum care counseling, there is no guarantee of wrong actions and written statements of maintaining patient confidentiality. It is hoped that midwives will continue to improve the quality of services, adequate facilities, mother-centered care, as well as sincere attention, sensitive to patient desires so that the desired satisfaction is created.

A foreign body in the vagina is a condition that does not generally occur but may be seen in obstetric and gynecological practices. Foreign bodies inserted into the vagina are often tools for masturbation and intercourse. A foreign body located in the genital tract can cause various clinical problems, including purulent vaginal discharges, scarring of the vagina, fistula formation, recurrent urinary tract infections, and infertility. To describe a case report of Vaginal Cervix Foreign Body (Perfume Bottle Cap) in a Woman after masturbation. The methode of this research was descriptive using case report. The subject was a patient who got corpus alienum in cervix pasca masturbation. The description was about clinical manifestation, support examination, and teraphy. A 20 years-old-woman came unaccompanied to the Ulin Regional Hospital Banjarmasin, presenting with a foul-smelling, yellowish-white vaginal discharge for the past 4 years. The patient confessed of she inserting a foreign body, in the form of a perfume bottle, into the genitals during masturbation. However, upon a removal attempt, the upper cap was left inside. Vaginal inspection revealed a foul-smelling, yellowish-white fluor albus. The speculum examination had shown a foreign body with the size of + 2cm fixated onto the cervix. Further imaging of the pelvic, abdominal ultrasound and contrasted CT scan of the pelvic had confirmed a foreign object inserted into the cervix. The foreign body evacuation was then conducted under general anesthesia. A perfume bottle cap foreign body was found on a woman after masturbation, gave clinical manifestatons such as foul smelling and fluor albus. Support examination showed foreign body and it was evacuated under general anesthesia. Case of Gynecology Obstetrics field in Division of Uroginecology and Reconstruction. Rare case report as source of learning in diagnosis and teraphy.

Diarrhea is one of the environmental-based diseases that causes morbidity and mortality. Nearly a quarter of all deaths globally can be attributed to environmental impacts on health. The high incidence of environmental-based disease cases is caused by the poor condition of basic sanitation owned by the community, especially clean water, the increase in environmental pollution, and the lack of awareness of clean and healthy living behavior (PHBS) by the community such as hand washing behavior. One of the factors that cause diarrheal disease is environmental factors which include water supply facilities and the availability of latrines. The differences in the results obtained in studies related to the relationship between hand washing behavior, clean water supply, and the availability of latrines with the incidence of diarrhea triggered researchers to combine related studies. This study aims to analyze and examine related studies that explain the relationship between hand washing behavior, clean water supply and the availability of latrines with the incidence of diarrhea. The method used in this study is a meta-analysis with research searches on the Pubmed and Google Scholar databases. After going through the identification and selection stages, 21 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Pooled Odds Ratio (POR) was calculated using a random effect model for data analysis according to the heterogeneity test using Comprehensive Meta Analysis version 3. The results showed the pOR value for the mother's hand washing behavior variable was 1.599 (CI 95% 0.953-2.682), for the variable clean water supply 1.463 (CI 95% 1.120-1.911) and for the latrine availability variable 2.249 (CI 95% 1.477-3.424).

Wound healing is a complicated, multi-step process divided into three major phases: inflammation, proliferation, and scar formation/remodeling. The compartmentalization of this process into discrete stages gives the illusion of simplicity, but in reality, it is much more complicated. For efficient healing to occur, complex interactions between multiple cell types, soluble factors, and extracellular matrix components are required to re-build the tissue; PRP is produced from the blood by centrifugation, which concentrates platelets along with several bioactive factors that can promote various aspects of tissue regeneration and protection. The rationale for using and therapeutic potential of a high concentration of platelets is based on their capacity to supply and release supraphysiologic amounts of essential growth factors and cytokines from their alpha granules to provide a regenerative stimulus that augments healing and promotes repair in tissues. Unlike platelet-rich plasma (PRP), platelet-poor plasma (PPP) does not have many platelets, but PPP has its unique healing properties. This study was an experimental study using the post-test design only control group design in an experimental laboratory. The research subjects were divided into three groups: 10 rats with incision wound at the cruris and given an injection of platelet-rich plasma, then ten white rats with incision wound at the cruris and were given an injection of platelet-poor plasma, and ten rats with incision wound at the cruris for control. The wound area was measured over seven days, the wound was harvested, and histological analysis was performed, including counting collagen finding, and will be analyzed by ANOVA test. The results showed that the amount of collagen between platelet-rich plasma and platelet-poor plasma differs significantly, with a pvalue of 0.000 (p < 0.05). The amount of collagen in the healing process of incision wounds in cruris of the rat Rattus norvegicus with the administration of PRP better than the administration of PPP. The use of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in the process of healing fractures can be studied in humans so that it is expected to be used as a post-operative wound healing therapy.

Medical errors are the third-leading cause of death after heart disease and cancer, being preventable for quality healthcare, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Therefore, healthcare processes need a multi-professional team, especially a care receiver who owns expertise in his disease or illness. From the study that the Joint Commission and Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services have realized the importance so that they set up a Speak Up program for patient encouragement to be assertive in asking care providers, leading to health care improvement and planning in response to needs, including information resources and answers for any question or concern of the patient. Golden Jubilee Medical Center started the Speak Up program about three years ago, providing information on patients admitted to the inpatient department. It was found to be useful but still lacking concrete and empirical evaluation. This research is a preliminary report of the Speak Up project as a part of the care process improvement. This study aims to 1) develop the Speak Up program model in the inpatient department and 2) support medical error reduction by the program. The study comprises 2 phases: firstly, contact the copyright owner of the assessment form to approve the translated version. Secondly, to recruit participants in the inpatient departments during February - October 2019, totaling 51 patients. The assessment form consists of 19 questions and four in-depth interviews; the hotline telephone number was provided for feedback about the patients' concerns or observations during their stays. The data were analyzed by percentage (%), medians, and standard deviations (S.D.). The study found 51 participating patients to be 2% hospitalized, aged between 28-81 years (median 62). Almost all (92.1%) had the knowledge and understood the program objectives; everyone spoke up at least once. Medication error incidence was zero, while complaint rates were none. Although this research is a pilot study of the Speak Up project as a part of the care process improvement at Golden Jubilee Medical Center, it seemed that patient participation was effective in terms of medication error and service complaints. The authors planned to extend to hand hygiene and infection prevention.

Currently, there is no existing report revealing the satisfaction of healthcare services from NCD patients in Thailand. Despite that, many NCD patients have regular meetings with the doctor periodically. Therefore, our research question was that NCD patients have adequate satisfaction in utilizing healthcare services in Thailand. The crosssection survey was conducted among 414 NCD outpatients to investigate the satisfaction of NCD patients who are obtaining NCD medication services from one of the community hospitals in northern Thailand. A five-point rating scale measured satisfaction through accidental sampling. The study revealed the concurrence of NCD patients satisfied with almost all survey measures. Moreover, the expertise of the doctor and the NCD clinic location were received a high satisfaction score. In contrast, the low satisfaction from the survey is related to the time spending for waiting. Additionally, subgroup analysis showed that NCD elder patients communicated more relaxed and comfortable with the doctors. This research result from NCD patients can roughly define the quality of public healthcare service in Thailand as satisfying.

Indonesia was a country implementing the welfare state concept, and it meant that State's intervention to the citizens' life, from birth to death, was to be a consequence. The enactment of Minister of Health's Regulation (Permenkes) Number 37 of 2014 on Determination of Death & Utilization of Donor Organs was an example of such intervention. From a Human Rights perspective, Indonesia was one of the countries having a Pro-Life standing point. Therefore, euthanasia practice was prohibited because it prioritized the right to life. In line with technological development in medicine, understanding human rights, and changes within the legislation itself, euthanasia was passively regulated in the legislation. One of the provisions said that "for a patient who was in an incurable condition due to his or her illness (terminal state) and medical measures were futile, withdrawing or delay in life support therapy could be taken." However, the term "termination of life" was subject to strict requirements and restrictions. The right to self-determination was one of the requirements that should be fulfilled in the withdrawing life-support therapy procedure.

Health behavior is the totality of the types of behavior connected to health that are manifested in behavior created from health needs and health motives as an element of a healthy lifestyle. Staying in good health is influenced by a lot of factors. Regular physical exercise, a clean environment, reduced overwork, and a balanced diet have a prominent role. In the last twenty years, the authors have conducted many representative surveys to examine the Hungarian population's health behavior, nutrition habits, and sustainable lifestyle. According to research results, the consumers’ interpretation of health goes beyond the classical organic-medical view: the several-dimension interpretation of health is becoming widespread. People are more or less aware of what they should do to stay healthy, but they do not act accordingly. That indicates that there is a significant difference between the importance of health-protective activities and their frequency in most cases. Some 48% of the respondents do not plan to change their present eating habits, which means that a significant population ratio has introverted and extremely passive behavior. As new technology and basic nutritional principle, personalized nutrition may create a good possibility to improve people’s objective state of health, help change their way of life, and preserve lifelong health. But Hungarian consumers distrust and are uncertain about new technology despite its obvious benefits. To sum up, people must be supported to switch to a healthier lifestyle considering external conditions and needs.

Preeclampsia is a condition with diastol blood pressure become ≥ 90 mmHg and proteinuria in gestation more than 20 weeks. Maternal mortality in Indonesia was caused by preeclampsia as the number 2 cause. Preeclampsia is signed by endothelial dysfunction. Prevention of preeclampsia had not been developed yet. Exercise is an activity that can induce endogen anti-inflammation and antioxidants. So, it can be used to prevent the same process in preeclampsia. This research analyzed the difference of bodyweight and body length in endothelial dysfunction pregnant Mus musculus, which was given mild, regular exercise and without exercise. This research was true experimental with post-test only with control group design, consisting of 2 steps. Step 1 to know the dose of anti QA2, and step 2 to know the effect of mild, regular exercise on the body weight and bodylength of the fetus. Step 2 consisted of 4 groups (K1 for control normal pregnant, K2 for injected anti-QA2 as endothelial dysfunction model pregnant, K3 for injected anti-QA2 as endothelial dysfunction model pregnant with mild, regular exercise since early pregnancy, K4 for injected anti-QA2 as endothelial dysfunction model pregnant with mild, regular exercise since one week before pregnant). The number of Mus musculus was 6/group based on the Federer formula. Determination of anti QA2 dose to induce endothelial dysfunction was done by using some doses and examining vasoconstriction of the vessel in the uterus by HE examination. The dose that caused optimal vasoconstriction was 50 ng. The result showed there was no significant difference in body weight among all groups (p = 0.432), but bodyweight in K4 (0.9102 grams) was more than K2 (0.8388 grams). There was no significant difference in body length also among all of the groups (p = 0.662), but body length in K4 (2.1897 cm) was longer than K2 (2.0939 cm). There were no significant differences in bodyweight and body length in endothelial dysfunction pregnant Mus musculus as preeclampsia induction, which was given mild, regular exercise and without exercise.

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is a sexually transmitted virus and passed on through genital contact or sexual activity. It is the main cause of cervical cancer. WHO estimated 570.000 new cases of cervical cancer in 2018, and approximately 90% of mortality occurred in low- and middle-income countries. This research aims to find out young women’s intention to get HPV vaccination, the primary prevention of cervical cancer. Non-random sampling is used as a sampling method, and a total of 108 respondents from Indonesia participated in this research. The results show the intention to get the HPV vaccine is low, 39.8% (n = 43). Approximately 40.7% (n = 44) respondents have high knowledge, but there is no correlation between knowledge level and intention to do HPV vaccination. In Health Belief Model (HBM) construct, 100% (n = 108) respondents have a high perception in perceiving severity, and 96.3% (n = 104) respondents have a high perception in perceiving benefit. Meanwhile, 61.1% (n = 66) of respondents show a low perception of perceived barriers, which means most respondents have barriers to getting the HPV vaccine. Therefore, an effort to spread information about cervical cancer and HPV vaccine is needed to increase the intention of young women to do HPV vaccination.

This study aimed to find out factors that the experiences of nursing students on medication practice and to enhance motivation and practice. We confirmed the contents of nursing students' experience and confirmed the significance of giving medication to nursing practice. The participants of the study were five nursing students. The contents of the interviews were analyzed by using Nvivo-11. The results of this study categorized experience about medication practice on nursing students. Among such factors were their efforts for self-directed practice, requirements for that and barriers to self-directed practice, and advice for applying gamification. It is identified as a hindrance that concerns whether the lacking model realism is the problem and whether the protocol is implemented correctly. The students said that it was most effective to take a practical training video on a smart phone and see it from time to time for a successful self-study. The results of this study allow for a comprehensive understanding of nursing students in a self-directed practice environment for learning medication. Based on the results of this study, it is expected that it will be used as basic data for the development of an effective self-directed training program for medication practices in the future.

Farming is a very large industry in Thailand, and understanding the physically demanding occupation with work tasks that cause Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSDs) and work disability, such as forceful exertions during lifting objects, prolonged static posture, and awkward working postures. This study aims to identify working postures among elderly farmers. Working postures are addressed in the ergonomics research field, and important variables to be taken into account for occupational safety. A cross-sectional study was done on farmer workers aged 60 years and above residing in nine sub-districts, Nong Suea district, Pathum Thani province, Thailand. Data collection was conducted in October 2018. Of the 128 participants, 61% were women with an average age of 68.50±4.15 years. 84.76% had finished elementary education. The results revealed that average working of 7.32 ± 2.14 hours per day and 6.26±1.51 days per week. Farmer workers were frequently exposed to injury at work due to an incorrect working posture. The results of this study revealed inappropriate postures when working in farm fields among elderly farmers. This study indicated that older farmers involved activities several awkward postures.

Injecting drug users are the challenging segments of the population to control sexually transmitted infections. This is the first survey conducted among female injecting drug users in Pokhara Valley. To determine the prevalence of Human Immune Virus (HIV), Syphilis, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C infection among female injecting drug users. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C and also identify the sexual behavior and associated risk of HIV/AIDs infection among FIDUs in Pokhara Valley. This was a cross-sectional survey conducted among 155 female injecting drug users. The females of 16 years and above who had been injecting drugs for at least three months preceding the survey were defined as female injecting drug users and enrolled in the survey. The survey was carried out during March-April 2017. The network sampling method was applied to recruit the participants. A structured questionnaire was used to collect behavioral data related to background information and sexual and injecting behaviors. Blood samples were collected to test HIV, Syphilis, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. The rapid test kits recommended by National Center for AIDS and STD Control were used to test the diseases above. The ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Ethical Review Board of Nepal Health Research Council. The prevalence of HIV among FIDUs was 1.9 percent (95% CI = 0.5, 5.9), syphilis was 3.9 percent (95% CI = 1.5, 8.6), Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C were 2.6 percent (95% CI = 0.8, 6.9) and 1.3 percent (95% CI = 0.2, 5.1) respectively. About two out of three female injecting drug users were identified with HIV during the survey, and the remaining were previously diagnosed. The new positives were linked with the National program for treatment, care, and support. Among them, three respondents have HIV; one was identified before the survey, and two were newly recognized HIV. This survey provides an insight into the estimated prevalence of HIV, Syphilis, HBV, and HCV infection among FIDUs and explores their injecting and risky sexual behaviors. A large proportion of FIDUs is at risk of HIV as they have used needles that were already used, shared syringe with the usual sexual partner, and shared needle during the last injection. Harm reduction programs, including the risk of needle sharing behavior and advocacy on practicing safer injecting behaviors, should be launched.

This present study aims to assess the Placenta Neutrophil Count (PNC) as an early marker in the diagnosis of Neonatal Sepsis (NS). This study was conducted in February-May 2017. Cord blood samples and placental tissues were taken from 15 newborns at risk of sepsis (case group) and without risk of sepsis (control group). The PNC was estimated using a conventional light microscope. We also measured some oxidative stress parameters from the cord blood samples, i.e., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), thiocyanate (SCN), myeloperoxidase (MPO) enzyme, and Advance Oxidation Protein Products (AOPPs) to investigate the role of neutrophil in the placenta. The results show that the PNC, the level of AOPPs and SCN, and MPO activity of cord blood were higher in the case group than the control group, while the H2O2 level shows the opposite result. From these results, it can be assumed that neutrophils have a role in NS and might be used as a potential marker for the early prediction of NS. These findings need to be verified by further investigating fresh samples in a larger, prospective cohort and sophisticated analysis evidenced by deep sequencing. The placental pathologic and histologic examination has been used as a diagnostic tool for neonatologists in many neonatal diseases, except NS. This result suggested that PNC might be used as an early predictor for NS.

Community Health remains substantially significant in the Sri Lankan development sector as it concentrates much on community development for many decades. This study explores the existing issues of the rural community health sector, with special reference to a selected Grama Niladhari Division (GND) in North-Western province in Sri Lanka. Even though the rural development has much-focused community development projects, community health has not been sufficiently developed by the national and regional development sectors. Having conducted a field survey consisting of both qualitative in-depth interviews (10) and a general questionnaire survey (50), this study can be concluded that the majority of the subjects were not sufficiently aware of their health and hygiene by the respective community health programs conducted in this area for many years. Though there were many rural development projects in this area for many years, community health issues of identifying their health matters, chronic diseases, reproductive health risks, and sexually transmitted diseases were not substantially addressed by the respective community development programs.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the dentin microtensile bond strength of total etching and self-etch dental adhesives which have 10-MDP as a functional monomer used in class V cavity restoration. This in vitro study evaluates the dentin microtensile bond strength at the gingival margin of Class V cavities which were bonded with various 10-MDP contained dental adhesives for the resin composite restorations. For this purpose, 45 freshly extracted sound human upper premolars were prepared with water-cooled high-speed hand piece and cylindrical diamond bur [D8] at cemento-enamel junction on buccal surface of the teeth. The occlusal margin of cavity is located on enamel, and the gingival margin is located on cementum. The prepared teeth were randomly assigned into three groups of fifteen teeth. Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) was recorded, the failure patterns were classified, and the micromorphology of resin-dentine interfaces was evaluated. Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (μ = 0.05). There were statistically significant higher (p = 0.019) μTBS value of SBU (10.7664±4.2676 MPa) than CTS value (6.4257±4.1786 MPa) but no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) between SBU (10.7664±4.2676 MPa) and CSE (9.3257±3.6572 MPa), and between CSE (9.3257±3.6572 MPa) and CTS (6.4257±4.1786 MPa) were found. The adhesive failure between resin-dentin interfaces of three adhesive systems accounted for 75.33% of the total number of fractures and no cohesive failures were found in dentin. Considering the limitations of this in vitro study, some 2-step total etching dental adhesive which has 10-MDP as a functional monomer may be capable of producing higher microtensile bond strengths than 1-step self-etch dental adhesive which has 10-MDP as a functional monomer.

This research aims to study on the accessibility of elderly to health services in district health promotion hospital, specifically in Lad Yai district, Samut Songkhram for the development of healthcare’s procedure. The data gathering method is interviewing, which is from 72 samples that accessed in local health services in Lad Yai district, Samut Songkhram. The analytical method includes percentages, mean and standard deviation, which found that 73.6% are female, 29.2% are between 75-79 years old, 48.6% are married, 63.9% are graduated at primary degree, and 66.7% are unemployed, and 65.0% have a lower salary than 5,000 baht. In addition, 18.1%, 16.7%, and 9.7% have only hypertension, hypertension & diabetes, and hypertension & heart disease respectively. Furthermore, this research found that the opinions against the accessibility to overall healthcare at high levels ( X̄ = 2.89, S.D = 0.10), service location was appropriate lighting and personnel in highest levels (X̄ = 3.00, S.D = 0.00), personnel found that understand the mean scores were at the highest level ( X̄ = 3.00, S.D = 0.00) whish was resulted from the staff said verbally polite, the staff expressions annoyed when asked, the staff was attentive and enthusiastic about the service, the staff willing to assist you, staff advised the relatives of elderly health care and description of the staff was easy to understand. Finally, the tools and equipment were given in highest levels (X̄ = 2.99, S.D= 0.12) which was resulted from the tools and equipment were up-to-date. while proper procedures also offer in highest levels ( X̄ = 3.00, S.D = 0.00).

One of the vital principle for preventing Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) in the hospital is equipping healthcare worker by adequate knowledge regarding VAP prevention measures. Integration of electronic education into nursing education flowing growing awareness all-over the world help Intense Care Unit (ICU) nurses to incorporate evidence based practice into daily care for critically ill patient. Study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of electronic learning module in implementation of ventilatorassociated- pneumonia prevention measures among intensive care unit nurses. Quasi experimental design was used. The current study was conducted in intensive care unit of Al Noor Specialist Hospital in Makkah. Convenience sample of 109 ICU nurses was recruited. This study was conducted by using two tools; knowledge assessment tool and VAP bundle checklist . It was founded that nurses’ knowledge before they were exposed to educational module was graded as average 72.66% while scores were improved after the exposure to learning module to be high 96.2% meaning that their knowledge has been noticeably improved. However, differences in ICU nurses knowledge in pre and post test was highly significant (p < 0.005). ICU nurses poor performance was apparent before exposure to module (61.73%), while ICU nurses performance showed tremendous improvement ( >99%) in the last observation. The difference between preand post test observation was highly significant (p > 0.005). The study revealed that e-learning module in educating ICU nurses about VAP prevention were considerably effective. This was highlighted by high mean scores for VAP knowledge and practice after exposure to module. Recommendation: Integrate orientation program for VAP prevention measures to new staff and continues professional development program for senior staff.

Hand eczema is a common dermatologic condition that has a poor response to conventional therapies. Calcipotriol, a topical vitamin D analog, has been approved to treat psoriasis and was reported to achieve a beneficial effect in the treatment of many other inflammatory diseases. This study aims to assess the efficacy and safety of calcium ointment in treating chronic hand eczema. Six patients were treated with calcipotriol twice daily for two weeks. HECSI and the patient’s self-assessment evaluated the efficacy. Any adverse reaction was recorded during the experiment. The result revealed a statistical improvement of mean HECSI compared to the baseline after two weeks of treatment (p = 0.029). The only mild local side effect was observed. By subjects’ evaluation, all the patients showed an improvement of clinical severity. The result can be implied that topical vitamin D analog is safe and can be an alternative treatment for chronic hand eczema.

The need of society toward end-of-life care is increasing, especially for the client being cared for in the ICU setting, where the nursing role is critical in this context. Some studies have indicated that nurses often feel distressed in caring for those clients. Therefore, the nursing knowledge related to caring for the client in the end-of-life phase is important for improving the nurse's insights. This study employed a qualitative phenomenological approach to explore nurses' experience in providing end-of-life care to the clients and their families in the ICU setting. Seven participants have participated in this study. Data collection was undertaken through in-depth interviews and analyzed using the Colizzi approach. The study results have described this phenomenon on four themes: the life and death are God's secret; the dilemma between doing the best for the client and terminating life support; Supporting the clients and families; Re- flecting on the experience. The results of this study can expand the nursing knowledge related to end-of-life care and have the potential to improve the quality of care services provided to the clients in the end-of-life phase.

An Electronic Health Record (EHR) system is a computerized medical information system that collects, displays, and stores a patient’s information. It is an evidence base that addresses issues associated with patients’ paper records. Implementing such a system will have a high positive impact on healthcare quality and healthcare services. For example, an EHR is an electronic record that sequentially stores any resident’s health data from nearly the first month of gestation until death and can bring those records anytime and to any authorized physician. This study aims to investigate the present status of EHR implementations around the world and identify best practice solutions. Additionally, the study focuses on how to adopt best practices in Australia. The methodology of this paper involved academic research consisting of 250 articles and over 100 websites. This paper's information was obtained through a search strategy—using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Google—of the best practices applied in many countries, including the US, Canada, and several nations in Western Europe. With 30 references, the recommendations were provided to adopt the best practice solutions for the Australian My Health Record system while implementation. This paper has further exposed the problems with EHR systems as implemented worldwide. The recommendations can be summarised as follows: improve the overall awareness of the stakeholders, conduct training sessions for stakeholders on the My Health Record system, reward physicians for using the system, achieve ongoing technical and systems security integrity and compliance, implement a response plan in the event of a breach of the EHR system, and implement a simple graphical user interface to facilitate access to stakeholders. Further results as recommendations are provided in the results section. The research concluded that Australia would achieve a stable healthcare system by adopting these best practice solutions, which will ensure a higher level of healthcare quality to patients and healthcare alike. This paper will give stakeholders a clear vision to determine the original cause that hinders satisfying results while implementing the My Health Record system in Australia.

Aphasia is a disorder involving the disruption of language ability owing to brain injury. Practical communication support tools for adults with aphasia have been proposed, some of which are used in therapy and daily communication. The recent development of specialized applications and information technology, especially tablet computers and other portable devices, can improve communication between adults with aphasia, their caregivers, therapists, and others. The present study aimed to identify the needs of adults with aphasia and caregiving family members concerning communication aids. This paper analyzes the behavior of adults with aphasia in a community to clarify the preliminary requirements of computerized communication aid in Japanese for aphasics and their caregivers. The study data were obtained through (1) responses to questionnaires conducted on aphasics and their caregiving family members and (2) a morphological investigation of aphasics in community-based rehabilitation training. The principal results can be summarized as follows: (i) adults with aphasia and their caregiving family members have difficulty communicating in various situations in their daily lives; among these, the most serious issue is the ability to share the conditions of the adult with aphasia; (ii) the noun utterances of the participants were diverse in terms of the frequency and content of uttered nouns; and (iii) the verbs frequently uttered by the adults with aphasia were limited in number. Based on these findings, the preliminary conceptual design of a computer-based communication support tool is discussed as follows: (a) in addition to language impediments, adults with aphasia are more or less paralyzed; however, portable tablet PCs incorporating communication support software represent a promising communication aid; and (b) since the tendencies of verb and noun utterances differed among the participants, at least two different types of communication software should be implemented on tablet PCs.

The occurrence of increasing hospital-acquired infections and the reports of the occurrence of ants in the hospital had become a research focus owing to the exposure of patients and health professionals to risk associated with insects. The study aimed to evaluate the potential of ants as mechanical vectors of pathogenic bacteria and assess the antibiotic resistance profile of gram-negative bacilli isolated in selected Level one hospitals in Davao City. The study utilized a descriptive design. The researcher collected the ant samples in female, male, and pediatrics wards in the selected Level one hospitals. Afterward, the captured ant species were immersed in double-strength TSB for bacterial cultivation. After distinct pure colonies of bacteria were isolated, they were subjected to bacterial identification and antibacterial susceptibility tests using VITEK 2 Systems. The study's findings suggest that Tapinoma melacephalum, Monomorium pharaonis and Anoplolepis gracile are mechanical vectors of opportunistic pathogen that commonly cause hospital-acquired infections. Moreover, two (2) isolates of E. cloacae from T. melanocephalum and one (1) isolate of E. cloacae from M. pharaonis demonstrated multidrug resistance. Further, the results also suggest the possible poor implementation of sanitation and pest control protocols. The researcher recommends identifying and profiling gram-positive bacteria and exploring the different hospital areas, including critical care units, as sampling points.

Sore throat is a common symptom of inflammation of the pharynx and tonsils, and it’s a common health burden worldwide. The etiology in 85% of the time is a viral infection, which is a self-limiting disease. The other 15% of sore throat causes could be bacterial, fungal, smoking, intubation and yelling. Several studies were conducted regarding the management of pharyngitis and acute respiratory infections, which showed a high rate of antibiotic usage in an injudicious manner. This is a cross-sectional study, which took place in the primary care clinic in King Khalid University Hospital. A convenience sample was selected from the primary care clinic where data were collected via self-administered questionnaires. The research investigators designed the questionnaires and they were handed in 2014 in the time period between January 19 and January 27 where 320 questionnaires were handed. Data were collected from subjects who fit the inclusion criteria, which included adult outpatients (18 or above) who experienced sore throat in the past year. Details on the data that were collected include: demographic variables, clinical presentation, risk factors and mode of management. Data were analyzed using SPSS. The data collection procedure yielded 276 respondents; 44 participants were excluded for not being eligible or not fully filling the questionnaire. 52.2% of whom were females and 47.8% were males and only 6.9% of the total respondents chose the appropriate management which is analgesics. The age of respondents held no significance to the choice of management but gender exhibited significance as the majority of participants who chose the inappropriate management were males constituting 16.4% of the total. In addition, educational level as a demographic factor held significance as well in which respondents carrying bachelor’s degrees formed a percentage of 14.3% of people who chose antibiotics while respondents carrying a high school degree chose analgesics establishing 2.9%. The participants were asked if they follow any guidelines when managing their sore throat and 79.4% denied following guidelines. Also, we recommend similar research to be done on a bigger scale, with a bigger sample size and in different regions to know more about knowledge, attitude and practice of a bigger portion of the society. Moreover, further research is recommended regarding physicians and pharmacists prescribing antibiotics in an inappropriate fashion as well as supplying them with clear guidelines about the appropriate management of patients complaining of sore throat.

Cervical Cancer ranks the second most suffered Cancer in Indonesia. On average, 2.5 women are getting affected, and 1.1 women are facing death every hour. The prevalence of incidence of Cervical Cancer in Yogyakarta is 1.5%. It is the highest. The rise of the prevalence is because of the late diagnosis. Early detection needs to be done to prevent deadly late stadiums. Visual Inspection Acetat Acid (VIA) test is a method to detect cervical cancer early. Unfortunately, many women do not know the importance of early detection and the VIA method. It makes women feel doubts, worries, and shame. As shown in the survey on Sabdodadi Village, Bantul, there are 285 women out of 334 women at cancer-risked age who have not done the test. The increase of women’s understanding of the importance of early detection of cervical Cancer and the VIA test and the increase of women’s participation in early detection of cervical cancer. The information about Cancer and VIA test is shared through socialization with slides and leaflets. After the presentation, the participants are divided into small groups, and they are asked to explore what they know. They feel about early detection of Cervical Cancer and the VIA test. The participants are straightened out of their misunderstandings about cervical Cancer and the VIA test.The reasons women have not done the test are the feeling of shame to do the test, the lack of information, the fear to do the test, and the taboo custom to examine their genitalia. The result of the socialization and focus group discussion is the increase in the number of women to do the VIA test. Thirty-six women qualified to do the VIA test participated in early detection through the VIA test provided by midwifery students in cooperation with Indonesia Cancer Foundation (Yayasan Kanker Indonesia). There is a correlation between women’s knowledge about early detection and women’s participation in early detection. The level of knowledge affects their behavior and belief, so women do not know and are unwilling to do the VIA test.

One strategy to control dengue in Indonesia is changing behavior practice using the slogan 3M plus. 3M consists of cleaning water containers, covering water containers, and burying or throwing discarded items. Plus is activity to avoid mosquito bite (using repellent or long sleeves) and reduce mosquito breeding, such as fog. This study aimed to determine the level of knowledge, perception, and prevention behavior regarding dengue in the Lowokwaru sub-district, an urban area in Malang, Indonesia. A crosssectional study using a semi-structured questionnaire among 220 respondents was conducted by face-toface interview. More than 43 percent (43.6%) of respondents exhibited a moderate level of knowledge. They had good knowledge regarding the cause and severity of dengue. However, they had low knowledge about prevention actions. Most of the respondents had a positive perception of dengue. The positive perception was found towards susceptibility and severity of dengue and only moderate perception towards prevention actions. Most of them (61%) were more likely to perform 3M prevention behavior than plus prevention behavior. Respondents had low knowledge and needed an improved practice level regarding prevention actions, particularly plus prevention activities. Therefore, this study suggests that the 3M plus campaign should provide more information about prevention behavior knowledge than plus activities.

By convenience (non probability) sampling 60 patients of anal fissure were divided into two equal groups, one each for manual dilatation and lateral internal sphincterotomy. Anal fissure secondary to specific pathology i.e. syphilis, tuberculosis, crohn’s disease were excluded from study. Data was collected on specific proforma and was put to “SPSS” version 10.0- on computer. It was analyzed for frequency, percentages and mean ± standard deviation. Chi-square test was applied and p ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. In this study 30 patients were male and 30 were females. Minimum age was two years and maximum was 70 years with mean ± standard deviation of 33.60 ± 14.88. Duration of symptoms was from 4 to 18 months with mean ± standard deviation of 10.38 ± 4.488. in thirty patients, lateral internal sphincterotomy was done and manual anal dilatation was done to others. In 14 patients existing posterior anal tag was also removed. In one patient haemorrhoidectomy and lateral internal sphincterotomy were simultaneously done with good results. Complete pain relief was found in 29 patients in lateral internal sphincterotomy group as compared to 17 patients of manual anal dilatation group with p = 0.001 which is highly significant. Flatus incontinence, cloth soiling and recurrence were significantly less in lateral internal sphincterotomy group. Fissure healing was much better in lateral internal sphincterotomy group with significant p value of 0.002.The results of the present study concluded that lateral internal sphincterotomy is surgical treatment of choice for patients with anal fissure. It has a very high cure and very low complication rate as compared to manual anal dilatation. At the same time, it avoids damaging external anal sphincterotomy which is unavoidable in manual anal dilatation.

Marijuana use in South Africa has been extensively researched and documented over the last thirty years. Functionalist theorists posit that societal norms and practices, which are passed on from generation to generation in a top-down approach, sometimes play a role in influencing individuals to use illicit substances such as marijuana. Perceptions of marijuana in a community are likely to be passed on to adolescents from adults, influencing them to indulge in marijuana smoking. However, the perceptions that marijuana smokers hold of the drug, especially in marijuana-growing communities, have not received the needed academic attention. This article therefore seeks to shed light on the perceptions of marijuana smokers in rural marijuana-growing communities in South Africa. Qualitative research methods, underpinned by constructivist philosophical assumptions, were used in this study. Face-to-face semi-structured interview questions were used to collect the data. A total of 17 marijuana smokers, comprising 15 focus-group participants and two key informants, were interviewed in two communities. Two-staged, non-randomized sampling techniques, both purposive and snowballing, were used to select the communities and the individual participants for the study. Purposive sampling was used to select the communities, while the snowball sampling technique was used to select the interviewees. This was done by making contact with a few individuals who smoked marijuana in both communities, who helped recruit the rest of the participants. The thematic content analysis procedure was used to analyse the data for the study. The results obtained revealed that marijuana smokers in the sampled communities hold the belief that marijuana is not harmful. The only negative effect they associate with marijuana use is a social one; that after using the substance, they are perceived by others as being disrespectful and lazy. It was also established that most users smoke marijuana for the perceived spiritual and medical benefits that they associate with marijuana use. Female marijuana smoking was uniformly frowned upon by all participants in the study, who regard such users as social outcasts. Perceptions toward marijuana use among the youth in marijuana-growing communities need serious attention if the prevalence of marijuana use in such communities is to be stemmed. Intervention programmes tailored for rural marijuana-growing communities need to be designed to deal with the complex social and economic factors that uphold marijuana’s position in such communities.

This qualitative study explored and described the experiences of individuals diagnosed with and suffering from cancer as they transitioned back into ordinary life after treatment as cancer survivors. The sample consisted of 14 cancer survivors in Thailand at least 1 year after treatment. The data were collected during in-depth interviews lasting from 60 to 120 minutes per person for a period of 1 month (January 15 - February 15, 2016). The questions were open-ended in order to gather the perspectives of the participants with regard to their experiences and all data were analyzed by Triangulation technique. The results revealed five major qualitative themes through content analysis of the in-depth interview data. The themes described how the psychological and emotional concerns of the participants changed over time, and were as follows: (1) Family and Social Support, (2) Positive Thinking, (3) Religious Belief, (4) Living in Fear and Uncertainty and (5) Social Isolation. Most people who have survived cancer received support from both their family and society. These findings may help other researchers to use qualitative research with focus groups or in other programs with the aim of helping people survive cancer and enjoy a better quality of life.

The participatory action research aims to study how to change health behavior about the ability of self- efficacy, self regulation and self-care for prevention and control of diabetes with PROMISE model. The sample was subjects at risk and patients with diabetes and high blood pressure . A total of 28 people from the Premruthi community 20 at Prawet Bangkok were chosen. Most were female having lower education. Entitled to healthcare Gold in Bangkok. The Vulnerable groups and groups with diabetes and high blood pressure were 51.3 percent. Accounted for 10.6 per cent of the risk factors that is important. Obese / BMI was 24.7 percent. Higher risk behavior is eating spicy food ( sweet, sour , salty ) 40.7 percent, Lack of exercise, stress, 12.7 percent to 28 percent, Genetic risk is 23.3 percent and 12.7 percent were smokers . The results showed that after receiving behavior modification, have efficacy in their health behavior (Self-efficacy), Self-regulation and Self-care better than before the event: 92.3 percent, 90.0 and 96.6 of the participants, respectively. It is a change in a better direction . And blood pressure dropped from 86 percent to 36 percent, weight loss and BMI decreased by 20.7 percent. That health status has changed to the better. Most members were satisfied with the high level of 97.3 per cent suggested in the project next time. This research focused on the development of activities that encourage participants to have the skills and knowledge through practical action . Making sustainable approach is organized in accordance with activities that blend into everyday life. Obtaining social support to encourage volunteerism, good health care personals and some extra incentive to participate. These factors resulted in trust and cooperation from members and communities of Practice to foster good health.

The descriptive research aimed to identify the health behaviors and health risk behaviors among vocational students. Data were collected by using questionnaire of HBSS of Ministry of Public Health, Thailand and CDC Youth Risk Behavior Survey of 6 major risks. The subject were 275 students: case study of a vocational college in Nakonratchasima Province, Thailand, chosen by purposive random sampling. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistical, χ2 and Odds Ratio. The results revealed that mean age 18.5. The youths are 66.2% living with both parents, 21% living with a single parent and 13% living with others. Their average monthly income was 17,000 Thai Baht. The health status included normal body mass index (BMI) mean 20.79 (19-23.2), 56.3% had vaccination. The comparison of risk behaviors by gender, χ2 test found that male students had higher risk behaviors than females by significant difference (p< 0.001), which were 1) Unintentional injuries 2) Smoking 3) Alcohol drinking 4) Motorcycle riding after alcohol drinking 5) Riding with motorcycle rider who had been drinking alcohol 5) Watching television, playing games and social media chat for more than 3 hours/ day. Through use of the OR between male and female were 1) OR 10.12 carried a weapon, it indicated that males had risk behaviors 10 times that of females, 2) OR 5.79 of motorcycle riding with no helmet, 3) OR 5.42 of smoking, 4) OR 5.15 of motorcycle riding after alcohol drinking. These indicated that male students had risks 5 times of females. Among OR 4.10 of riding with a motorcycle rider who had been drinking alcohol and OR 3.30 of watching television, playing games and Social media chat for more than 3 hours/ day respectively, these were male students who had risks 4 and 3 times of females respectively. The suggestions; more effective school health programs and other policy and health promotion programs are needed to reduce risk and improve health outcomes among youth or students in vocational college and other youth, especially among male students.

Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Malawi such that it accounts for over one-third of all outpatients annually. Further to this, it is a leading cause of hospital admission among children below the age of 5 years. It is responsible for about 40% of all hospitalization of this age group. Above all, malaria accounts for over 30% of in-hospital child death, and adults cannot work an average of 25 days in a year due to malaria. The incidence was currently standing at 484/1000 up from 458/1000 in 2009. This is despite several interventions and strategies being employed to try to reverse the trend. Qualitative research was used to explore the constraints and challenges faced by malaria patients in preventing and controlling malaria in Nkhata Bay Malawi. The confirmed malaria patients were put into four categories: Pregnant women, children below five years of age, adult females, and adult males, and in each category, a participant was identified through random sampling without replacement. Primary data from the participants were obtained through semi-structured interviews, and an analysis of the collected data was done using MS Excel. Ethical clearances were obtained from both Malawi and Thailand.

Food poisoning and infectious diseases caused by food-borne bacteria are a worldwide concern and can also be fatal. Green tea exhibits antibacterial effects against a wide range of bacteria. The objective of this study was to determine the antibacterial effect of different concentrations of green tea extract against some of the major foodborne bacteria. Antibacterial activities of different concentrations of alcoholic and aqueous green tea extract were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, E.coli, Kelebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas spp. by the disk diffusion method and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) assay. The inhibition zones of aqueous extract (concentration 20 μl) was 14, 15, 15, 17 mm for pseudomonas, E.coli, K.pneumoniaand S.aureusrespectively and inhibition zones of alcoholic extract (concentration 20 ,28 μl) was 16, 21, 15,1 9 mm for pseudomonas, E.coli, Kelebsiellaand S.aureusrespectively. The most zone of inhibition was observed against S.aureusand pseudomonas has the least inhibition zone. Ethanolic extract of green tea was more effective as compared to aqueous extract. Green tea extract showed good activity against foodborne bacteria, and Our results suggest that this plant has major antibacterial activity against these bacteria comparable with the standard antibiotic. This characteristic of green tea may be related to its polyphenolic Components.

Obesity has been rising as a major public health challenge. The obesity epidemic is more in middle-aged women in urban areas than those in rural areas. The metabolic disease has characteristic features like a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity in South Asians than white Caucasians. Because of the occurrence of metabolic syndrome at a lower range of Body Mass Index (BMI) and it is proposed that cut-offs for both measures of obesity should be changed to reach a new set point for overweight BMI 23-24.9kg/m2 and ≥25 kg/m2 for obesity for South Asians. The strength and direction of energy balance (energy flux and body weight) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) development have not been adequately investigated. In this study, nearly 2000 middle-aged Bangladeshi women were taken as a study population who had not suffered from diabetes. These women had to face interviews at the initial phase, and finally, repeated investigation was done regularly to collect information on their metabolic risk factors. Throughout 3.6 years follow-up, 850 new cases of T2D were documented. During follow-up, 850 new cases of T2D were documented. Energy Intake (EI) was associated with increased risk, and energy expenditure with Physical Activity (PA) was associated with weight change and decreased risk of T2D. In our population, we found women tend to develop T2D who are less active with higher EI than those more active with lower EI. We also observed the association was more evident among overweight and obese women (BMI≥25 kg/m2). These follow-up studies suggest that energy balance plays a dominant role in the development of weight regulation, and this effect may be modified by BMI. Bodyweight regulation is a complex collection and genetic variable that control energy intake and expenditure. Further study of this concept may help to achieve a healthy weight.

Many studies stated that carbon dioxide (CO₂) is connected with panic symptoms. The high level of CO₂ inside the brain can stimulate the respiration system and the unstable balance of acid and base, which develops into panic symptoms. In this experiment, the researcher uses a breath holding intervention to increase the level of CO₂. The high level of CO₂ generates the production of endocrine and significant emotional reaction or behavior. The connection between the emotional function and the panic symptom prompted the researcher to underline the role of social contact inside individuals. Based on the researches, the sensitivity of social influences also affects future panic symptoms. The chosen variable related to social contact is social bonding. The social bonding variable will be formed into the photos of closer relatives and non-closer relatives to the subject. To measure and analyze data, the researcher uses QEEG (Quantitative Electroencephalography) to record the brain waves when the subject sees and feels the bonding through photos shown.

The cheapest and ecologically pure meat can be got applying separately aspiration method in fat-tail lambs growing in the conditions of grassland keeping. The object of research is sheep of Kazakh fat-tail coarse-haired breed at "May" farm, JSC "Bastau", "Shaushen" farm breeding sheep of meat and fat breed with total number of 31000 heads. The experimental part of work was performed at livestock farm "May" May district of Pavlodar region during the period 1998-2009 at the Chair of S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University, at "Technology of meat, milk and food products" Chair of Shakarim Semey State University, Laboratory of Kazakh SRSIMMI (Scientific Research Structural Institute of Meat and Milk Industry) (Semey), Laboratories of RSRIMI (B.M Gorbatov's Russian Scientific Research Institute of Meat Industry). The results of research testify that lambs used to self-grazing and additional fertilizing intensively put on weight, grow well and develop and ewes grazing on grasslands very quietly and milking capacity increases from 1650 till 2074 gram per day. Carcass dressing proportions and fatness of lambs showed better conformation of high meat productivity and higher nutritious ness property and prospects using mutton for providing palatability diet products.

Microbiology is the study of microscopic living organisms; bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa, and viruses. It encompasses numerous sub-disciplines, including virology, mycology, parasitological, bacteriology and biotechnology. Microbiologists work in microbiology, studying microbes, their interaction with the environment, and their effects on man and other living organisms. Due to the relevance of microbiologists in research, healthcare, environmental studies, agriculture, food security, and biotechnology, the need for qualified and well-trained microbiologists in Nigeria continue to grow. Nigeria is one of the fastest-growing economies in Africa. Therefore the need and adequacy of Nigerian university and polytechnic graduates in microbiology are of great concern, especially those graduates seeking employment and employers of labor in the field of microbiology. A large vacuum seems to exist between these graduates and the labor market demand. This work exposes and highlights the problems and challenges in microbiology in Nigerian universities and polytechnics. It will suggest solutions and recommendations alleviate these problems and encourage active and functional teaching and learning processes in microbiology.

Medicinal plants are a large group of plants used to prevent and or treat human and animal diseases. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80 percent of some Asian and African countries presently use herbal medicine for some aspect of primary health care. Since migrating nomads have more connection with nature and on many days of the year they are far from the cities, therefore they take medicinal plants more than other people. By several trips to study areas, 134 plant species distributed in 97 genera and 37 families were collected and identified. Based on the exhaustive interviews with indigenous people and medicinal plants, these plants' medicinal plants were listed. Investigations have resulted that 67 species of these plants have medicinal uses. These medicinal species belong to 31 families. Asteraceae with 11 species, Chenopodiaceae with seven species, and Lamiaceae with six species are the most important medicinal plant families. The major life forms of the medicinal plants in this area were annual herbs followed by perennial trees and shrubs with a proportion of 34.32% and 26.86%, respectively. 17.91% of the species are perennial herbs, 14.92% are perennial bushes, and 5.97% are annual bushes. Our results showed leaf and flower have the most traditional uses on the Farashband tribe, with a proportion of 62.69% and 34.33%.

Infection with HCV is a major cause of transfusion-associated hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence rate of anti–HCV antibodies among voluntary blood donors attending the transfusion department at Omdurman hospitals. A cross-sectional study was conducted from 2 January to 27 March 2007. The rapid test method was used and confirmed with the ELISA (third generation). The population included 1672 Sudanese people. The age of the donors (all males) was between 18–45 years, with a mean of 36 years. Anti-HCV antibody was detected in 1.016% of the study population. The prevalence of anti –HCV among voluntary blood donors was 1.02%. Routine screening for HCV should be conducted for all blood donors before they are accepted for donation.

The aim of this study was to determine whether there are differences in the influence of tooth size discrepancies among malocclusion groups in the general population; to know if there are any effects of tooth size discrepancies from region to another, and to study Bolton’s ratio of tooth size discrepancy in relation to malocclusion treatments. A quantitative study was carried out using many studies published in the English language from various population groups from different countries. Well defined guidelines for conducting analyses of observational studies were followed by electronic database (Entre Pub Med, www.ncbi.nim.nih.gov). Additionally, a search in the Science Direct database (www.sciencedirect.com) will be performed, and data will be collected on the following items for the retrieved studies: year of publication, study design, materials (study sample, control sample,) methods of measurement, authors’ conclusions, and reference lists of relevant articles would be screened.

It is with immense pleasure that I announce the inaugural issue of Journal of Advances in Health and Medical Sciences (JAHMS). JAHMS is the fruit of continuous efforts and teamwork of reviewers, authors and editorial teams. This project would not be completed without their sincere support and determination. I am humbled and grateful for their support and efforts. JAHMS aims at publishing unconventional research covering different fields of health and medical sciences. This issue covers diverse topics relevant to health and medical sciences and address the important areas of relevant field. I believe this issue along with the upcoming issues, will serve the scholars and practitioners of health and medical sciences domain. We welcome original submissions from all fields of medical and health sciences so that JAHMS continue serve all the relevant fields. I would like to thank all the contributors once again. We hope and wish a bright future for JAHMS.
Balachandar S. Sayapathi
Editor
Journal of Advances in Health and Medical Sciences (JAHMS)

Leisure-time physical activity is termed the time to enjoy and get involved in desired activity without any obligation or duty. A total of 654 respondents participated in the study (response rate 75%). Factors found associated with leisure participation were age, (r-0.281, p < 0.001), years of service (r-0.229, p < 0.001), ethnicity (t=-3.170, p < 0.001), religion (t= 4.347, p < 0.001), marital status (t= 2.905, p < 0.001) and academic position (t=5.489, p = 0.001). No association was found between the country of origin and social support, time constraints, accessibility to facilities, and health status with leisure participation. Social support from family (t=-0.1084, p < 0.854), friends (t=-0.672, p < 0.502). In non-physical activity, some of the variables were found significant, and other variables were insignificant. Multiple linear regression analysis reveals age (– 0.119) is the only predictor of leisure participation. The model explained 9.8% and 2.8% variance of leisure participation. The second model also ages, predicting leisure participation.

In India, about 67,000 women have died every year due to pregnancy-related complications. Still, 25% of pregnant women hesitate to access health facilities due to high out-of-pocket expenses on medical care and transport required to take them from their home to health facilities. To investigate its performance, the awareness, availability, and utilization of committed referral transport services for pregnant women and sick newborns are assessed at selected public health facilities. In particular, these indicators are observed through a community and facility-based cross-sectional study conducted during 2012-2013 at two Primary Health Centres (PHCs) of the district under observation. All mothers (120) having children less than six months of age are interviewed. A modified and validated questionnaire assesses the committed free referral transportation services (FRST) cost for rural communities. Besides, all health professionals from selected public health facilities are also interviewed. The results show that the overall awareness over FRTS among participants is at 44.17%. Both PHC has ambulances, but none of them has a GPS installed. The utilization of these committed and free ambulance cost is as low as 28% for pregnant women and none for sick newborn from home to health institutions; 19.24% of pregnant women and 50% of sick newborns have been assisted by FRTS from a transfer to a higher level facility for complications, while two-third pregnant women and no sick newborn have been assisted for being dropped back home. In sum, the integrated efforts are required to maximize the utilization of committed FRTS costs for accessing healthcare and reducing maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality.

Thailand has diverse plant foods, e.g., fruits and vegetables, which contain a Significant amount of biologically active components and biochemical functions that may benefit human health. In particular, they contain the phenolic compound that constitutes natural sources of antioxidants. The current study aims at determining antioxidants, e.g., flavonoids, total phenolic content (TPC), and tyrosinase inhibition, in these fresh vegetables. Data are gathered from three representative markets in Bangkok and further analyzed for discovering any antioxidant activity by observing DPPH radical scavenging, flavonoids, TPC, and tyrosinase inhibition activity. The results show that DPPH radical scavenging activities of white radish, garlic, and ginger are 30.42%, 11.39%, and 75.24% in Pathumwan, Bangrak, and Ratchathewi, respectively. The highest flavonoids of white radish, garlic, and ginger are 2.9mg/100g, 8.38 mg/100g, and 9.81mg/100g in these regions, respectively. Meanwhile, the TPC of garlic, ginger, and white radish is 1.94mg/100g, 1.82mg/100g, and 0.57mg/100g in the same places, respectively. Then, the highest tyrosinase inhibition activity of white radish, garlic, and ginger are 137.35%, 114.25%, 518.72% in Pathumwan, Ratchathewi, and Ratchathewi, respectively. Therefore, they appear to be a good candidate for intermediary between fresh and salt-processed due to their capabilities to inhibit tyrosinase and oxidation.

Cervical cancer is a kind of cancer disease caused by human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 attacking women's cervix. To detect cervical cancer, the frequently-used method is Pap-Smear; however, errors often occur when the method is taken to diagnose the level of cervical cancer. Thus, a proper system is required, which is supposed to help identify the result of Pap-Smear. This study aims at designing a system to detect the symptoms of cervical cancer using MATLAB to solve these errors. The image processing begins with converting the type of image, followed by thresholding and noise removal using filters until the image has become ready to be detected. For a thresholding process, an Adaptive Thresholding method is taken, in which the thresholding focuses on local threshold values. The system can classify images into two types, i.e., normal and abnormal (precancerous). Abnormal type is divided into three subtypes, i.e., mild, moderate, and severe. An experiment is conducted on the proposed system, in which it is supposed to analyze 500 test images, including 250 for training and 250 for testing. A perfect 100% accuracy rate is obtained based on the testing process, while the average processing time is 25.4 seconds with a WS value at ten and a C value at -2.